[阅读理解] 结合高考真题之长难句解析
结合高考真题之长难句解析
高中英语学习，素来有“得阅读者得天下”之说，关于如何得阅读经广大一线教师多年潜心研究，众说纷纭。笔者作为小教一名，主要结合全国I卷几篇阅读语料，就阅读中的长句分析略发表想法一二，不成熟之处，望海涵。
鉴于英语是典型形合语，高中生若想做好阅读试题，长句分析是不可或缺的基本技能之一，而该项技能的获得，不是简单了解从句结构，而是需要精通五种基本句型，七种句子成分，常考特殊语法现象，比如祈使句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气等，此外能就常考词类活用及派生词有一定认知，并能就句子意群之间的聚合关系进行逻辑辨析。
例句：
阅读A篇
1. Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.
分析：这是典型的广告文陈述方式，采用了自问自答的设问方式，前面的问句用了省略形式，补充完成就是If you are not a student, and you want to find summer jobs, what can you do. 回答就是You can go to the government website to learn(不定时表目的) about programs and online tools（并列关系） available（两个并列名词的后置定语） to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round. （help sb do sth宾补结构，但补语部分为build、find和start三个动词的并列）
2. Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
分析：主干provide sb with sth的结构，Summer Company(主语) provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000（awards的后置定语） to start and run（不定时表目的） their own summer businesses（名词词组意群）.
3. Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.（阅读A篇）
分析：Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program（方式状语）, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups（对the Provincial Public Service这个名词短语的诠释）.
阅读B篇
1. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’”
分析：“It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains（插入语）, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language（especially引导的插入语，对前面any student的内容进行加深处理）, to feel confident enough to（形式主语It所指代内容） say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’”
2. Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project（A of B，两个名词性意群构成的固定结构，一般译为B的A固定结构） when（时间状语从句引导词） he asked the children one day to raise their hands（ask sb to do sth, one day作为时间状语插入其中） if（when从句内的条件状语从句引导词） they thought they could never be a president.
阅读C篇
1. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
分析：Thus（与上文的逻辑语义关系，信息定位关键词）, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension（插入语）, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right（破折号后的诠释）.
2. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.
分析：Data collected from the device（后置定语，是定语从句的简化形式） could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.
3. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
分析：The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and（and并列两个谓语动词，主语为the keyboard） is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts.
阅读D篇
1. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
分析：They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but（not A but B 不是A二是B的固定结构） by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others（三个v-ing形式的动词词组并列）, among whom I soon found myself.
2. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.
分析： The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities（超长名词性词组做主语） strengthen（谓语动词）schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and（并列前面的strengthen和后面的are employed两个谓语动词）, when tapped early,（插入语） are employed ever after in life and work.
3. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
分析：It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment（主语从句中的比较状语）, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”（黑体部分为主语从句，但因为谓语动词show太短，用it做形式主语）
阅读模拟
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
As a person who writes about food and drink for a living. I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.
I hate tipping.
I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.
Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.
One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.
So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.
46. What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?
A) He runs a pub that serves excellent beer.
B) He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
C) He gives his staff a considerable sum for tips.
D) He lives comfortably without getting any tips.
47. What is the main reason why the author hates tipping?
A) It sets a bad example for other industries.
B) It adds to the burden of ordinary customers.
C) It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
D) It poses a great challenge for customers to do math.
48. Why do many people love tipping according to the author?
A) They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in.
B) They believe waiters deserve such rewards for good service.
C) They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry.
D) They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
49. What have some waiters come to realize according to a survey?
A) Service quality has little effect on tip size.
B) It is in human mature to try to save on tips.
C) Tips make it more difficult to please customers.
D) Tips benefit the boss rather that the employees.
50. What does the author argue for in the passage?
A) Restaurants should calculate the tips for customers.
B) Customers should pay more tips to help improve service.
C) Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living.
D) Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened?
Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when they’re paying less at the pump. They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy.
The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan, and India, But doesn’t the extra money in the pockets of those countries’ consumers mean an equal loss in oil producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, says economic researcher Sara Johnson. “Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies(补贴) for their consumers.”
But not all oil producers have big reserves, In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall.
Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil. The implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged partly because oil-producing nations can’t afford to import as much as they used to.
Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy.
Consumers, in the U.S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they’re getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest.
51. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A) The reasons behind the plunge of oil prices.
B) Possible ways to stimulate the global economy.
C) The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
D) The effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.
52. Why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulate the global economy?
A) Manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost.
B) Lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy.
C) Oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change.
D) Consumers will spend their saving from cheap oil on other commodities.
53. What happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down?
A) They suspend import of necessities from overseas.
B) They reduce production drastically to boost oil prices.
C) They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
D) They try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.
54. How does Carl Weinberg view the current oil price plunge?
A) It is one that has seen no parallel in economic history.
B) Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
C) It still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy.
D) Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.
55. Why haven’t falling oil prices boosted the global economy as they did before?
A) People are not spending all the money they save on gas.
B) The global economy is likely to undergo another recession.
C) Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
D) People the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.
【答案解析】
46.根据题目中的Bill Perry这个专有名词，我们可以定位到文中的第一段话。在But后面有提到“我能告诉你我喜欢这个小伙子。因为他打算禁止付小费这种情况，而赞成给服务员实际的工资”。B选项和这句话的含义接近，get rid of意为“摆脱”，和ban“禁止”含义相近;plan to和intend to含义一样。所以正确答案为B.
47.根据题干中的关键词the author hates tipping和main reason可以返回原文，定位到第三段。文中说“我讨厌它，因为它将义务伪装成一种选择。”既然是义务，那必然是强迫顾客去做的事情，这和C选项的含义较为接近。
48.根据关键词many people love tipping返回原文，我们可以定位至第四段。根据文中第二行的You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes.可知，这题应该选择D选项。
49.文中问的是调查中一些服务员的观点，这在第五段的最后一句话中有所体现，文中说：一些服务员不认为他们的工作会受到收到的消费的影响。
50.本题问作者的观点，切记文中无人认领的观点便是作者的观点。在第六段的末尾有提到说，作者支持Bill Perry的观点，而Bill的观点就和D选项是近义表达。
46. [B] He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
47. [C] It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
48. [D] They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
49. [A] Services quality has little effect on tip size.
50. [D] Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
答案解析：
51. [C] The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
解析：本题是主旨题，原文第一段表示“过去油价下降总是刺激世界经济增长，但是即使现在油价下降越来越多，最新对经济增长的预测却不容乐观，这意味着更低的油价和增长之间的关系削弱了吗?”这第一段点明了主题，后面的段落都是在讨论油价下降为什么以前可以刺激经济增长，而现在却不再能刺激经济增长了。可以看出是C是正确答案。
52. [D] Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
解析：根据原文第二段 “some experts say there are still good reasons to ... They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy”，可以看出是D正确选项。
53. [C] They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
解析：根据原文第三段中“draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies for their consumers”，可以看出C是正确选项。
54. [B] Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
解析：根据原文第五段中“the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil”可以看出B是正确选项。
55. [C] Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
解析：根据原文第六段中“so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy”，可以看出是C正确选项。
参考答案：
51. [C] The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
52. [D] Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
53. [C] They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
54. [B] Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
55. [C] Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
Part Ⅲ Reading Section C(卷二)
Passage One
"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."
Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.
Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico's taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.
The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.
Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.
Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.
Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.
While reformulating recipes(配方)is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that
there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.
46.What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.
A.They were profitable to manufacture.
B.They were in ever-increasing demand.
C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.
D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.
【答案】C
47.Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?
A.They are under growing pressures to balance their national budgets.
B.They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.
C.They practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.
D.The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.
【答案】B
48.What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?
A.It did not work out as well as was expected.
B.It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.
C.It could not succeed without German cooperation.
D.It met with firm opposition from the food industry.
【答案】A
49.What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty?
A.Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients.
B.Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products.
C.Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers' needs.
D.Adjusting the physical composition of their products.
【答案】D
50.What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, "There is no silver bullet"(Line 4, Para 7)?
A.There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.
B.There is no hope of success without public cooperation.
C.There is on hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem.
D.There is no effective way to reduce people's sugar consumption.
【答案】A
Passage Two
You may have heard some of the fashion industry horror stories: models eating tissues or cotton balls to hold off hunger, and models collapsing from hunger-induced heart attacks just seconds after they step off the runway.
Excessively skinny models have been a point of controversy for decades, and two researchers say a model's body mass should be a workspace health and safety issue. In an editorial released Monday in the American Journal of Public Health, Katherine Record and Bryn Austin made their case for government regulation of the fashion industry.
The average international runway model has a body mass index (BMI) under 16-low enough to indicate starvation by the World Health Organization's standard. And Record and Austin are worried not just about the models themselves, but about the vast number of girls and women their images influence.
"Especially girls and tens", says Record. "Seventy percent of girls aged 10 to 18 report that they define perfect body image based on what they see in magazines." That's especially worrying, she says, given that anorexia(厌食症)results in more deaths than does any other mental illness, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.
It's commonly known that certain diseases are linked with occupations like lung disease in coal miners. Professional fashion models are particularly vulnerable to eating disorders resulting from occupational demands to maintain extreme thinness.
Record's suggestion is to prohibit agents from hiring models with a BMI below 18.
In April, France passed a law setting lower limits for a model's weight. Agents and fashion houses who hire models with BMI under 18 could pay $82,000 in fines and spend up to 6 months in jail. Regulating the fashion industry in the United States won't be easy, Record says. But with the new rules in France, U.S. support could make a difference. "A designer can't survive without participating in Paris Fashion Week", she says, adding, "Our argument is that the same would be true of New York Fashion Week."
51.What do Record and Austin say about fashion models' body mass?
A.It has caused needless controversy.
B.It is focus of the modeling business.
C.It is but a matter of personal taste.
D.It affects models' health and safety.
【答案】D
52.What are Record and Austin advocating in the Monday editorial?
A.A change in the public's view of female beauty.
B.Government legislation about models' weight.
C.Elimination of forced weight loss by models.
D.Prohibition of models eating non-food stuff.
【答案】B
53.Why are Record and Austin worried about the low body mass index of models?
A.It contributes to many mental illnesses.
B.It defines the future of the fashion industry.
C.It has great influence on numerous girls and women.
D.It keeps many otherwise qualified women off the runaway.
【答案】C
54. What do we learn about France's fashion industry?
A.It has difficulty hiring models.
B.It has now a new law to follow.
C.It allows girls under 18 on the runway.
D.It has overtaken that of the United States.
【答案】B
55. What does Record expect of New York Fashion Week?
A.It will create a completely new set of rules.
B.It will do better than Paris Fashion Week.
C.It will differ from Paris Fashion Week.
D.It will have models with a higher BMI.
【答案】D
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