人物专访 | 聚焦可持续设计，看见未来城市——访Foster + Partners高级合伙人彭惠君

城市愿景：“可持续人居”是福斯特及合伙人建筑事务所主持项目的大型展览，于 2021 年 11 月 18 日至 2022 年 2 月 18 日在上海新泰仓库举行。该展览将展示事务所几十年来一系列广泛的设计成果，突出项目的多样性和深度，以及可持续的设计理念。从城市总体规划到事务所工业设计团队的实践，涵盖上海外滩金融中心、苏河湾东区城市综合体和越秀环球金融城 (Yuexiu Global Financial City) 的总体规划在内的来自世界各地的项目将通过模型、图片和影像等多种方式进行展示。

Urban Visions: Sustainable Communities, a major exhibition about the work of Foster + Partners, will be held at the Xintai Warehouse in Shanghai from 18 November 2021 – 18 February 2022. The show features a wide range of the practice’s work over several decades highlighting the variety and depth of projects that demonstrate its sustainable approach to design. From city masterplans to the work of the practice’s industrial design team, projects from across the world are illustrated through models, photos and videos including the masterplan for the Shanghai Bund, Suhe Centre in Suzhou Creek, and the Yuexiu Global Financial City.

上海市建筑学会访Foster + Partners高级合伙人彭惠君

彭惠君

Emily Phang

Foster+Partners

高级合伙人

Q1：很高兴再次看到Foster + Partners关于“可持续人居”的展览。能否请您阐述一下“城市愿景”与之前“共享未来”这两个展览在概念上的异同?

A：你的问题已精准把握了两次展览的共同主题！两次展览均聚焦于我们独特的可持续设计方法，这是我公司50年来始终关注的核心问题。

2018年，在北京清华大学艺术博物馆举办的展览“可持续人居|共享未来”通过可持续视角研究建设工作。展会着眼于人类经验在建筑环境设计中的重要性，揭示了Foster + Partners在设计中结合多学科、多专业知识的综合方法。这种方法可根据场地（基地）、环境、用户和文化背景量身定制独特的设计方案。展会向公众展示了公司的大量作品，并探究了未来建筑环境的相关问题，邀请观众大胆畅想未来五十年以及更远未来的周边环境。

此次在上海新泰仓库举办展览，延续了上一次展览的可持续性主题，突出了表达可持续设计理念项目的多样性以及深度。来自世界各地的项目通过模型、图片和影像进行展示，涵盖了从城市总体规划到事务所产品设计团队的实践，并且此次展览格外对一些城市项目进行了展示，其中包括上海外滩金融中心、苏河湾东区城市综合体、越秀环球金融城总体规划等项目。

Q1：It is great to see another Foster + Partners exhibition about "Sustainable Communities". Could you please elaborate the different and similar concepts between the two exhibitions: "Urban Visions" and the previous "Shared Futures" ?

A：You have succinctly captured the common theme between the exhibitions in your question! Both exhibitions focus on our unique sustainable approach to design, which has been a core concern for the practice over the past five decades.

In 2018, the ‘Sustainable Communities | Shared Futures’ exhibition at the Tsinghua University Art Museum in Beijing investigated the work of the practice through the lens of sustainability. Focussing on the importance of human experience in the design of the built environment, it shined a light on Foster + Partners’ integrated approach to design that combines expertise from several disciplines. This approach brings unique design solutions that are tailored to the site, its context, users and culture. A wide overview of the practice’s work, the exhibition also asked pertinent questions about the future of the built environment, inviting the audience to creatively speculate about what their surroundings may be like over the next fifty years and beyond.

The ongoing exhibition at the Xintai Warehouse in Shanghai builds on the sustainable themes of the previous exhibition, highlighting the variety and depth of projects that demonstrate its sustainable approach to design. From city masterplans to the work of the practice’s industrial design team, projects from across the world are illustrated through models, photos and videos, with special emphasis on projects in the city, such as the Shanghai Bund Centre, Suhe Centre in Suzhou Creek, and the Yuexiu Global Financial City.

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Q2：在Foster + Partners公司中，“可持续发展”一直扮演着至关重要的角色。您觉得什么样的城市或建筑可被认为是可持续的？

A：城市是建筑和基础设施的融合体。基础设施如道路、通道、交通、公园和公共空间，就像城市的粘合剂，将一座座建筑联系在一起。在一个工业化的社会中，建筑以及建筑之间的货物和人员流动占到全部能源消耗的三分之二。因此，我们必须制定可持续的城市总体规划和设计方法。我们在广泛分析的基础上制定设计方法，例如，制作创新模型以高效使用可获得的资源，达到更好的效果；确定城市肌理和建筑体量如何应对气候变化；开发新的建筑系统以提高韧性和性能；形成专门的可持续发展框架，关注人们的健康与福祉。与之相同，建筑设计必须回应其所处环境，从周围的城市肌理中汲取灵感，学习传统的建造方式——无论是形式还是材料，最终都会提供更丰富的城市体验。

下面的例子可以说明我们在各种规模的项目中采用的可持续方法。美国库比蒂诺的苹果公司总部是一座净零能耗建筑，使用可再生能源，获得了LEED铂金级认证。场地的80%由绿植覆盖，种植了8500棵树，提供了大约112英亩可渗透土地，极大地改善了此地的生物多样性。超过六千米的步行和慢跑小径确保了员工的健康和幸福感。

英国伦敦圣玛丽街30号是世界上开拓性可持续建筑之一。带有可开启窗扇的采光井提供了自然通风，内部空间可按比例分割。每个采光井边缘的阳台提供了社交中心，使不同楼层间具有很强的视觉联系。总体为弧形的建筑形态减少了在首层街道处的建筑风，同时，建筑收紧的底部又为本身公共空间就非常珍贵的拥挤街区提供了一个开放式广场。

位于阿联酋阿布扎比马斯达尔市的马斯达尔学院，是同类建筑中首座完全由可再生能源供电的建筑。通过对先进材料的选择、风塔蒸发冷却以及各种水景组合，提供了舒适的微气候。建筑设计灵活，使将居住区转变为实验室成为可能。

中国深圳的小径湾大学，建筑30%的窗户采用可开启窗，由此可实现自然通风，减少制冷和能源消耗。施工时，制砖原料选用当地黏土，降低了能耗，减少了碳排放。校园设计为无汽车环境，可采用自行车和电动车实现区域通行。

Q2："Sustainable Development" has been playing a critical role in Foster + Partners’ practice for a long time. What kind of city or building do you think can be considered as sustainable?

A：Cities are a fusion of buildings and infrastructure. The latter being the urban glue that binds the individual buildings together – roads, connections, transport, parks and public spaces. In an industrialised society, buildings and the movement of goods and people between them account for two-thirds of all energy consumption. It is therefore imperative that we develop a sustainable approach towards masterplanning and the design of cities. Our approach combines a broad range of analyses such as, creating innovative models to use available resources efficiently and effectively; identifying how the urban grain and massing can respond to the climate; developing new building systems that improve resilience and performance; and forming bespoke sustainability frameworks that focus on the health and wellbeing of people. Similarly, the design of a building must respond to its context, taking cues from the surrounding urban grain, learning from traditional ways of building – both in terms of form and materials – ultimately contributing to a richer urban experience.

The following examples illustrate our sustainable approach at varying scales. Apple Park in Cupertino, USA is a net-zero energy, and LEED Platinum building which uses renewable energy. 80 per cent of the site is covered by greenery with 8500 trees giving about 112 acres of permeable land, a huge improvement in biodiversity. Over six kilometres of walking and jogging trails ensure employee health and wellbeing.

30 St Mary Axe in London, UK, was one of the pioneering sustainable towers in the world. Lightwells with openable windows provide natural ventilation and break down internal scale. Balconies on the edge of each lightwell provide a social focus, with strong visual links between floors. The curved overall form of the building reduces wind at street level, while providing an open plaza at its narrowing base where public space is most valued.

The Masdar Institute at Masdar City in Abu Dhabi, UAE is the first building of its kind to be powered entirely by renewable energy. The design provides a comfortable microclimate through a combination of advanced material selection, evaporative cooling from wind tower and water features. Designed for future flexibility, it allows residential areas to be converted into labs.

At the Xiao Jing Wan University in Shenzhen, China, the buildings are naturally ventilated with 30% of the windows being operable, reducing the cooling and energy consumption. The use of local clay for the bricks also minimised energy consumption and carbon emissions during construction. The campus designed as a car-free environment with bicycles and electric vehicles used for local transportation.

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Q3：Foster+Partners为实现“可持续发展”做出了哪些努力?

A：可持续是一个涉及面非常广泛的课题，存在很多定义。在解决关于气候变化的关键性问题时，我们认为，项目必须同时考虑社区的健康和福祉。50多年来，可持续一直是我们工作的核心内容。我们与客户紧密合作，设计出既能优化其运营，又有利于地球环境的定制化方案。

我们的内部专家团队可进行碳影响评估、环境分析、材料研究、景观和工作场所设计以及环境和结构设计。他们与设计团队一道制定可持续性框架，并为了一个更健康的世界制定环境目标。我们跟踪项目的设计和施工，监测使用中的建筑性能。

为实现2015年《巴黎协定》的目标，我们制定了自己的综合评估方法，包括对隐含碳和运营碳进行评估，以此全面评估涉及整个生命周期碳影响的设计。这种做法既衡量了建筑阶段，也衡量了其后60多年的建筑使用情况。然后，利用我们的可持续性晴雨表对结果进行分析，记录我们对当前所有项目作出的评估。我们的《可持续性宣言》总结了这种整体方法。

我们对项目进行环境性能评估，并制定创新的、面向未来的解决方案，以减轻气候变化的带来的影响。从新冠肺炎疫情中我们吸取经验教训，更加关注韧性、灵活性、健康与福祉。从自然资源的有效利用、循环经济策略、对生命的热爱、到热舒适性和室内空气质量，我们的设计方法全面解决了可持续性问题。我们寻求通过设计提升所有人的生活体验。

作为一家环境驱动的公司，我们要求自己做到言行一致。近年来，基于Foster + Partners责任框架（FRF），我们又制定了一个分析框架。该框架涵盖了与可持续性相关的十个主题——幸福感、社区影响、能源和碳、移动性和连通性、资源、水、土地和生态、社会公平、适应性设计以及反馈，并为我们的CSER政策提供信息，目的是为我们的员工和当地社区带来持久的利益。

Q3：What efforts did Foster+Partners make to achieve "Sustainable Development"?

A：Sustainability is a wide-ranging subject with many definitions. Addressing crucial concerns about climate change, we believe our projects must also encompass the health and wellbeing of our communities. This has been a central theme of our work for more than five decades. We work closely with our clients to develop bespoke design solutions that are optimised for their operations and the planet.

We have specialist in-house teams for carbon impact assessments, environmental analysis, materials research, landscape and workplace design, and environmental and structural engineering. Together with the design teams, they develop sustainable frameworks and identify environmental targets for a healthier world. We follow our projects through design and construction and can monitor the building performance while in-use.

We have developed our own comprehensive assessment to meet the aims of the 2015 Paris Agreement, which includes the evaluation of both embodied and operational carbon, to fully assess our designs for whole life carbon impact. This measures both the construction phase and the subsequent building in-use over sixty years. The results are then analysed using our Sustainability Barometer, which records assessments of all our current projects. This holistic approach is summarised in our Sustainability Manifesto.

We also assess the environmental performance of our projects and develop innovative, future-proof solutions to mitigate the impact of climate change. Learning lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic, our focus is on resilience, flexibility, health and wellbeing. Our design approach addresses sustainability holistically, from efficient use of natural resources, circular economy strategies and biophilia to thermal comfort and indoor air quality. We seek to leverage the power of design to enhance the lived experience for all.

As an environmentally driven studio, we aim to practice what we preach. Over recent years we have developed an analytical framework for our own office, based on our bespoke Foster + Partners Responsibility Framework (FRF). This covers ten sustainability related themes - Wellbeing, Community Impact, Energy and Carbon, Mobility and Connectivity, Resources, Water, Land and Ecology, Social Equity, Planning for Change, and Feedback - and informs our CSER policy. It is driven by a desire to deliver lasting benefits for our staff and local communities.

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Q4：您如何看待“碳达峰、碳中和”目标？Foster + Partners还会为促进低碳开发做出哪些额外的努力？在“双碳”的背景下，您认为作为建筑设计公司，最重要的是什么？

A：为共同应对全球气候变化做自己的努力，世界各国都在制定碳中和目标。在中国，令人鼓舞的是，政策正在真正产生影响，比如上海通过降低销售价格，提高普及率，鼓励人们使用电动汽车。

作为建筑师，我们只能通过倡导，通过与决策者和客户合作，为建成环境创造可持续的解决方案。在Foster + Partners，我们根据全球标准和我们自己更全面的《责任框架》，持续进行项目审核。要建设可持续的建筑，必须以独特的综合方法为驱动，进行整体设计。每一个项目均从全新的思维开始，最终形成的创新性解决方案都是根据基地情况、用户需求和气候条件量身定制的。

Q4：What do you think of the goal "Carbon Peaking, Carbon neutrality"? What additional efforts will Foster + Partners make to promote Low-Carbon development? What do you think is the most important thing as an architectural design company under the background of "Dual Carbon" ?

A：Countries around the world are setting targets for achieving carbon neutrality, which is all part of the global effort to combat climate change. In China, it is heartening to see policies that are making a real difference, such as in Shanghai, people are being encouraged to switch to electric vehicles by making them cheaper and more accessible. 

As architects, we have only the power of advocacy, working with policymakers and our clients to create sustainable solutions for our built environment. At Foster + Partners, we constantly audit projects against global standards as well as our own, more comprehensive, Responsibility Framework. To build sustainably requires us to design holistically, driven by our unique integrated approach. Every project starts with fresh thinking, leading to innovative solutions that are tailor-made to site, user and climate.

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Q5：您如何看待中国未来的城市发展？

A：建造环境的碳排放量占全球总碳排放量的40%。包括中国在内的世界各国都在积极采取措施，减少碳排放。在这样的背景下，我想强调几个关键趋势，这将有助于在中国创造更可持续的城市环境，同时强化我们自己的可持续设计方法：

·  创造更多以公共交通为导向的开发（TOD），在总体规划和建筑规模层面，注重与公共交通的直接连通与整合，确保往来于这些开发项目的人员排放更少的碳。

·  通过建立地铁网络连接以及行人天桥，增加相邻城市地块间的行人连通性。

·  通过将几个城市地块合并成步行区，并将车辆交通转移到地下，在城市改建项目中创造无车区。

·  通过手机应用提供公共租赁服务，鼓励使用自行车等可持续的交通出行方式，使其价格实惠，使用方便。

·  提供方便的充电站，鼓励人们选用电动汽车。

·  推动海绵城市建设。

·  进一步加强历史建筑的重建和再利用，对现有建筑的合理改造对实现净零碳目标至关重要。考虑到时代变化的速度，尤其是在技术领域，通过采用新技术，老旧建筑可以获得新的生命或变得更具可持续性。因此这一工作是必须大力提倡的。

Q1：What do you think of the future urban development in China?

A：The built environment is responsible for 40 per cent of global carbon emissions. Countries around the world, including China, are taking steps to reduce carbon emissions. In this context, I would like to highlight a few key trends that are helping create more sustainable urban environments in China, which reinforces our own sustainable approach to design:

·  Move towards creating more Transport Orientated Developments (TOD), focusing on direct connections and integration to public transport at masterplan and building scale. This ensures less carbon is emitted by people travelling to and from these developments.

·  Increasing pedestrian connectivity between adjacent urban plots by creating links from underground metro networks, as well as pedestrian bridges for pedestrians.

·  Creating Car free zones in urban redevelopments, by combining several urban plots into a pedestrianised zone and diverting vehicular traffic to basement levels.

·  Encouraging the use of sustainable modes of transport such as cycles by providing public rentals operated through mobile apps, making it affordable and convenient to use.

·  Incentivising the switch to electric cars by providing easily accessible charging points.

·  Promoting sponge cities.

·  Increased emphasis on regeneration and re-use of historical buildings. Retrofitting existing buildings is crucial to meeting our net-zero carbon targets. Given the pace of change, especially in the field of technology, older buildings can be given a new lease of life or made more sustainable by adopting new technologies, which must be welcomed. 

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采访：谢一枝

审核：范琳琳

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