泽连斯基：世人不再寄希望于联合国！
© 联合国图片/Manuel Elias | 安理会现场
自去年2月24日俄、乌冲突爆发以来，战争已持续了20个月之久。出席第78届联合国大会一般性辩论的世界各国领导人和外长早些时候聚集在安理会，就“维护国际和平与安全”的主题展开公开辩论，旨在通过有效多边主义维护《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则。
尽管遭到俄罗斯常驻联合国代表涅边贾的抗议，首次出席安理会现场会议的乌克兰总统泽连斯基在安理会其他成员之前首先发言，并随后与俄方代表进行“正面交锋”，现场气氛紧张，被媒体描述为堪称“具代表性的联合国历史瞬间”。泽连斯基在发言中呼吁：
1）扩大安理会规模
2）改革赋予安理会常任理事国的否决权
© 联合国图片/Manuel Elias | 泽连斯基在安理会发言
泽连斯基改革提议
“各国领导人正在寻求新的平台和联盟，以减少问题的灾难性范围，在这个会议厅内遇到问题时只有花言巧语，而不是真正的解决方案，寄希望于与杀手妥协，而不是保护生命。”
1）扩大安理会规模
泽连斯基表示，他对扩大安理会规模的提议表示欢迎，这样才能反映当前世界的现实。
安理会由15个国家组成，其中中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国和美国五个常任理事国具有对任何决议或决定的一票否决权。其他10个非常任理事国由大会根据地区代表性原则选举产生，任期两年。
泽连斯基说：“乌克兰认为，数十亿人在安理会没有常任席位是不公正的。”
2）改革否决权
泽连斯基表示，他相信《联合国宪章》能够有效地促进全球和平与安全。但是，要做到这一点，就必须将多年的讨论和方案转化为可行的联合国改革进程。
他说：“联合国的改革不应仅仅涉及安理会的代表性问题，更需要对否决权的使用进行改革。”否决权“不应该为那些沉溺于仇恨和战争的人服务”，而由所有会员国组成的联合国大会“应该被赋予真正的权力来超越否决权”。
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联合国的承诺
古特雷斯秘书长致辞原文
Mr. President,
The United Nations Charter is our roadmap to a more peaceful world.
The tools and mechanisms founded on the principles of the Charter are a how-to manual to resolve conflict.
Together, our collective efforts over the years have contributed to preventing war on a global scale and saving millions of lives -- through peacemaking and preventive diplomacy; UN peacekeeping operations; disarmament and non-proliferation efforts; humanitarian and development programmes; and activities to promote human rights.
Just this week, the SDG Summit agreed a rescue plan for the Sustainable Development Goals – an essential tool to prevent conflict and crises of all kinds.
Multilateralism works. It is essential – and effective.
But multilateral tools and mechanisms are weakening. In the face of rising geopolitical tensions and challenges, some are failing while others – frameworks that are urgently needed – do not yet exist.
The number of conflict-related deaths last year almost doubled. United Nations peace operations are under unprecedented strain. Nuclear disarmament is at a virtual standstill. And there are no adequate global frameworks to address the security threats posed by new technologies.
I urge Governments to go further and do better to recommit to their obligations under the United Nations Charter; to use the full range of diplomatic tools that it provides; to prioritize the prevention of conflict and crises; and to consider the proposals for new frameworks and tools in the New Agenda for Peace.
Mr. President,
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, in clear violation of the United Nations Charter and international law, is aggravating geopolitical tensions and divisions, threatening regional stability, increasing the nuclear threat, and creating deep fissures in our increasingly multipolar world.
All this comes at a time when cooperation and compromise for multilateral solutions are needed more than ever, to tackle challenges from the climate crisis to unprecedented levels of inequality to disruptive technologies.
The United Nations has been clear in condemning the war.
The General Assembly overwhelmingly approved one resolution demanding that Russia leave Ukraine, and a second rejecting Russia’s efforts to annex Ukrainian territory.
I have consistently and repeatedly called for a just and sustainable peace in Ukraine, in line with the Charter and international law – for Ukraine, for Russia, and for the world.
Russia’s invasion was followed by relentless, systematic attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and services, including health and education facilities.
The war has killed or injured tens of thousands of civilians, destroyed lives and livelihoods, traumatized a generation of children, torn families and communities apart, devastated the economy, and turned vast areas of farmland into deadly minefields.
Attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure must stop immediately.
Nearly half of Ukraine’s population – some 18 million people – need humanitarian assistance and protection. More than 6 million Ukrainians have fled the country.
The United Nations has worked collectively to mitigate the impact on people, both in Ukraine and around the world, and to support civilians.
Our humanitarian programmes have stepped up, distributing aid to more than 8 million people this year in partnership with over 450 humanitarian organizations, half of them Ukrainian.
The International Atomic Energy Agency has established a presence at Zaporizhzhya nuclear plant and other major Ukrainian nuclear sites, to monitor safety, security and safeguards.
Together with the International Committee of the Red Cross, we successfully organized the evacuation of civilians from the Azovstal steel plant in Mariupol last year.
Evidence of shocking and widespread human rights violations has been documented, including conflict-related sexual violence; arbitrary detention; summary executions – mostly by the Russian Federation; and the forcible transfer of Ukrainian civilians, including children, to territory under Russian control or to the Russian Federation. This documentation is vital for accountability.
Accountability for all human rights violations is crucial, in line with international norms and standards.
Mr. President,
The war contributed to an unprecedented surge in global food prices, threatening millions with hunger and poverty.
Starting in July 2022, we succeeded in mitigating that impact through the Black Sea Initiative and the Memorandum of Understanding with the Russian Federation.
During its one year period of operation, the Black Sea Initiative, together with the Memorandum of Understanding on facilitating exports of Russian food products and fertilizers, helped to reduce global food prices by over 23 per cent from the record high reached in March last year.
The Black Sea Initiative enabled the export of nearly 33 million metric tons of grain and foodstuffs, and allowed the World Food Programme to transport 725,000 metric tons of wheat for humanitarian aid to countries including Afghanistan and Somalia.
Under the Memorandum of Understanding, the United Nations delivered solutions on several of the most challenging areas of trade facilitation for Russian food and fertilizers, with continuous work on the remaining issues.
We deeply regret that Russia ended its participation in the Black Sea Initiative in July of this year.
And that, immediately upon leaving, Russia launched a bombardment of Ukrainian ports and grain storage facilities on the Black Sea and the Danube River.
Attacks against terminals and grain stores are unacceptable.
Such assaults must end.
Civilian shipping in the Black Sea has also been threatened.
Further escalation could instantly shock the markets and destabilize the region.
Volatility and uncertainty have already returned to international grain markets, while supplies from the harvest in Ukraine pile up.
The bombardment is also undermining our efforts in the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding with the Russian Federation.
It has led many of those whose goodwill is needed, notably in the private sector, to question whether the Russian Federation has any real interest in re-joining the Black Sea Initiative.
We remain engaged with all parties, aiming to ensure safe and secure exports of grain and fertilizer from Russia and Ukraine. These must be put on a stable footing, without the repeated threat of interruption.
I am grateful to the Government of Türkiye for its contributions and urge all Member States to support our efforts.
Mr. President,
The United Nations continues to work towards a just and lasting peace in Ukraine, in line with the Charter, international law, and the resolutions of the General Assembly.
I urge all countries to do their part to prevent further escalation, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace.
We are fully committed to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine, within its internationally recognized borders.
This war is already causing limitless suffering. Its continuation risks further perilous escalation.
There is no alternative to dialogue, diplomacy, and a just peace.
Thank you.
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© 联合国图片/Manuel Elias | 乌克兰总统泽连斯基和联合国秘书长古特雷斯
1）对乌克兰的承诺
联合国秘书长古特雷斯在发言中强调了对乌克兰主权、独立和领土完整的全面承诺。
他表示，俄罗斯对乌克兰的入侵明显违反了《联合国宪章》和国际法，加剧了地缘政治的紧张和分裂，破坏了地区稳定，增加了核威胁，并在我们日益多极化的世界中制造着深刻的裂痕。
古特雷斯指出，所有这一切都发生在这个危机四伏的时代，世界现在面临着气候危机、空前的不平等水平和颠覆性技术等挑战，我们比以往任何时候都更需要通过协商与合作寻求多边解决方案。
2）对和平的承诺
古特雷斯表示，联合国一直明确谴责2022年2月24日俄罗斯对乌克兰发动的战争。
他指出，联合国大会以压倒性的多数通过了要求俄罗斯军队撤离乌克兰的决议，还通过了一项反对俄罗斯吞并乌克兰领土的决议。
古特雷斯还概述了冲突造成的惨重损失，包括对平民和民用基础设施的无情攻击、数以万计的人员伤亡、令人震惊的侵犯人权行为，以及数百万人目前需要援助和保护。
他警告说：“这场战争已经造成了无尽的苦难。继续下去可能会导致危险进一步升级。除了对话、外交和公正的和平，我们别无选择。”
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各方观点
本次会议由安理会9月轮值主席国、阿尔巴尼亚总理埃迪·拉马（Edi Rama）主持。
会议开始时，俄罗斯常驻联合国代表涅边贾就对泽连斯基先于安理会成员国代表发言表示了质疑，并问及北马其顿外长、欧洲安全与合作组织主席布亚尔·奥斯马尼（Bujar Osmani）应邀出席会议的原因。
© 联合国图片/Manuel Elias | 阿尔巴尼亚总理埃迪·拉马（Edi Rama）
向上滑动阅览发言
俄罗斯外交部长拉夫罗夫随后在发言中表示，在对手的言辞中，只听到了口号、入侵、侵略和吞并。面对一同参会的美国国务卿布林肯，拉夫罗夫在讲话中批评西方多年来一直在乌克兰挑动内部矛盾，向乌克兰提供武器，推动其与俄罗斯发生军事冲突，他表示，俄罗斯对于通过谈判解决乌克兰危机持开放态度，他还批评泽连斯基拒绝谈判，而且西方多年来拒绝与俄罗斯平等接触，这才导致了目前的乌克兰危机。
拉夫罗夫说：“否决权是（联合国）宪章规定的完全合法的工具，其目的是防止做出可能导致联合国解体的决定……他们只字不提问题的根源，对多年来他们是如何扶植一个公开的纳粹政权保持沉默，这个政权公然改写二战的结果和本国人民的历史。西方回避实质性对话，这些对话基于事实和对《联合国宪章》所有要求的尊重。显然，他们没有论据来进行真诚的对话。”
美国国务卿布林肯则指责俄罗斯违反《联合国宪章》核心原则，谴责俄罗斯侵乌的战争罪行，警告俄罗斯和其他“想要成为侵略者的人“，美国会继续支持乌克兰，追究俄罗斯的责任，亟须维持国与国之间和平关系的支柱。他明确指出，这场战争中有侵略者，也有受害者。一方正在攻击《联合国宪章》的核心原则，另一方则试图捍卫这些原则。同时，布林肯在推特上表示：“在联合国安理会上，我讲述了俄罗斯给乌克兰造成的恐怖，以及乌克兰人民要决定他们自己的未来的决心。”
布林肯说：“在一年半的时间里，俄罗斯撕毁了《联合国宪章》、《世界人权宣言》和国际人道法的主要原则，蔑视安理会的一项又一项决议。我们会挺身而出，而不是袖手旁观。”
中国外交部副部长马朝旭表示，追求自身绝对安全，甚至挑动阵营对抗，只会加剧矛盾和冲突，不会有好的结果。结合当前形势，对以下四点进行强调：
第一，坚持劝和促谈。历史充分证明，冲突没有赢家，战争解决不了问题；
第二，避免拱火浇油。各方均应保持克制，不加剧紧张，不激化矛盾，不采取任何导致局势不断升级的举措，为推进最终政治解决创造必要条件。
第三，管控外溢风险。乌克兰危机严重影响全球粮食、能源和金融安全，我们支持相关方就黑海粮食运输协议同俄乌保持沟通，切实维护全球粮食安全。
第四，缓解人道危机。乌克兰危机导致数百万民众流离失所，多处重要大型基础设施被毁。中方高度重视乌克兰人道局势，并一直为缓解乌克兰人道局势发挥建设性作用。
马朝旭说：“无论形势多么复杂，挑战多么严峻，都要坚持政治解决的大方向，推动当事方凝聚共识，启动和谈，早日实现停火止战，国际社会要为此创造必要的条件和氛围。中国将坚持真正的多边主义，始终秉持客观公正立场，站在对话一边，站在和平一边，站在历史正确一边。”
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