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安理会“瘫痪状态”必须结束

把握全球脉搏 联合国 2023-12-27

© 联合国图片/Eskinder Debebe | 联大全会审议安理会改革问题


第78届联合国大会早些时候举行全体会议,审议“安理会席位公平分配和成员数增加问题及其他与安理会有关事项”。联大现任主席、来自特立尼达和多巴哥的外交官丹尼斯·弗朗西斯(Dennis Francis)致辞指出,随着乌克兰和巴以战争的爆发,安理会改革问题现在比以往任何时候都更加紧迫

表示,随着世界的快速变化,安理会作为维护国际和平与安全的主要机构,却未能履行其职责。如果不进行结构性改革,安理会的职能与合法性将不可避免地继续受到损害。联合国本身的公信力和相关性也将受到影响。


他说:“暴力和战争继续在世界各地蔓延,而联合国却似乎陷入了瘫痪,这在很大程度上是由安理会内部的分歧造成的。”


联大主席发言




联大主席致辞全文(英文)


Excellencies,


Distinguished Delegates,


As you are all aware, this General Assembly added the question of equitable representation in the Security Council to its agenda way back in 1979.


Since then, not much has changed – in re-adapting the institution to better reflect current realities.


It is therefore not at all surprising that over the past years, there has been steady growth in the calls for the long overdue reform; such calls, of late, reaching something of a crescendo.


In recent weeks, these calls have been forcefully articulated by the numerous groups and individual Member States that I have met, advocating for meaningful progress – despite the variable positions which we all know.


Never before has this issue been more pressing, both contextually and practically.


Excellencies,


While we ponder the way forward, let us also consider the task before us.


Violence and war continue to spread in regions across the world, while the United Nations seems paralyzed due largely to the divisions in the Security Council.


While some of today’s challenges could not have been envisioned eight decades ago, those that we did foresee are blazing onto the geopolitical landscape – with new and deeply worrying ferocity.


Amid this sea-change, the Council is dangerously falling short of its mandate as the primary custodian for the maintenance of international peace and security.


Absent structural reform, its performance and legitimacy will inevitably continue to suffer – and so too, the credibility and relevance of the UN itself. Without public allegiance and support, the institutional strength of the United Nations would be further weakened leading inevitably to its termination.


May I caution this august house that stasis can be as formidable a foe as chaos.


We cannot usefully perpetuate positions that – while familiar – fail to bring us closer together.


I approach the question of Council reform also within the context of wider UN reform – and a steadfast determination to help overcome divisions.


Excellencies,


Early in the session, I re-appointed co-chairs to continue the important intergovernmental negotiation process on this issue.


I would like to thank His Excellency Alexander Marschik, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Austria and His Excellency Tareq Albanai, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the State of Kuwait, for their acquiescence in bearing this weighty responsibility.


I trust that Member States will continue to extend their full support as the co-chairs steer these critical deliberations, and work to build on the landmark progress made last session.


The agreement to webcast inter-governmental negotiation meetings and to create a repository for decisions and proposals on a dedicated UN website were indeed meaningful steps in the right direction. They are worthy of applause.


Given the stakes, we will however, need fresh, innovative thinking on reform pathways.


One of the ways we can repair trust – firstly among ourselves, in this cocoon, and crucially, with our 8 billion constituents who live beyond it – is to infuse our deliberations with the spirit of solidarity and conciliation needed to meet this moment and thereby, to nullify the ever-present disposition towards dissention and discord.


Certainly, one occasion not to be missed is the Summit of the Future in September 2024.


In preparation for that ground-breaking event, we must work purposively to ensure that world leaders are provided with the opportunity to advance key debates and to bring multilateral institutions and frameworks into alignment  with the dictates and circumstances of today’s world.


I therefore urge Member States to grasp this opportunity to break through ingrained positions, and to promote Security Council reform through practical steps that support effectiveness and moreover, represent the full diversity of geographies.


Excellencies, Dear Colleagues,


At the end of the day, the fate of Security Council reform is in your hands.


The General Assembly is the only UN body with a mandate to seek an appropriate and worthy response to this question that has staunchly defied our efforts for decades.


With the eyes of the world fixated upon us even more constantly now, a posture of procrastination will only feed perceptions that our structures are antiquated and irrelevant and therefore, structurally incapable of delivering outcomes that protect and/or bolster international peace and security.


In the final analysis, the decision is yours – Member States – to determine how to use these inter-governmental negotiations to make real progress, if in fact, there is a real appetite for substantive progress.


I reassure you that you can count on me as your President to provide full support to the co-chairs – and to offer an open door to all of you to help facilitate dialogue in an impartial, inclusive and trust – worthy manner.


Peace demands commitment of us all.


Imbibed with the requisite will, I am confident that together we can move the dial on our efforts to create a Security Council that is more representative of and better equipped to effectively serve the modern age.


I thank you.

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紧迫性再次彰显

虽然安理会公平代表权问题自1979年以来就一直列在联大议程上,但在全球冲突不断扩大的情况下,改革安理会的呼声正日益高涨


在今年九月举行的第78届联大高级别一般性辩论中,改革安理会再次成为各国的共同呼声,诸多要求当中包括增加安理会成员数目


近期的各种危机,包括无法就俄、乌冲突达成一致立场,以及持续不断的巴、以冲突,都进一步凸显了安理会需要改革的紧迫性。


在巴、以冲突爆发五周多以来,安理会经历了四次决议草案投票失败后,直到本周三才通过了关于巴、以危机的第一项决议。

© 联合国图片 | 纽约总部降半旗悼念巴以冲突中遇难的联合国工作人员


停滞与混乱同样危险

© 联合片 | 第78届联大主席弗朗西斯弗朗西斯在讲话中向会员国警告指出,安理会的僵局与混乱一样具有挑战性,并敦促在安理会改革问题上要有创新思维。

他说:
“我告诫庄严的大会,僵局与混乱同样可怕。我们不能继续无益地坚持那些我们所熟悉的但却不能让我们团结到一起的立场。

弗朗西斯强调了
明年9月“未来峰会”的重要性。他说:“修复信任的方法之一是加强团结与和解。

他呼吁各会员国抓住这个机会,突破根深蒂固的立场,采取切实可行的步骤,推动安理会改革,增强安理会有效性,让它充分代表当今世界的多样性。

各会员国代表发言



联合国会员国代表在发言中也表示,安理会改革比以往任何时候都更为迫切

圣文森特和格林纳丁斯常驻联合国副代表米格尔(Nedra P. Miguel)代表由非洲、亚洲和太平洋地区以及拉丁美洲和加勒比地区发展中国家组成的L69集团发表讲话。

她指出,安理会不再符合其宗旨,这是一个严峻现实。西方国家在安理会代表性过高,这既不能反映联合国的多元化构成,也不能反映当前地缘政治现实。她强调,改革不仅是当务之急,也是维护国际和平、稳定、安全和有效多边秩序的先决条件


巴林常驻代表阿尔罗瓦伊(Jamal Fares Alrowaiei)代表阿拉伯国家集团致辞,呼吁迫切需要对安理会进行真正的改革,并强调任意使用否决权是对安理会公信力的挑战安理会在维护国际和平与安全方面的作用,特别是在最近巴以冲突中的作用。他敦促会员国加紧努力,确保预防冲突的努力更具代表性、更加透明、中立和可信。


德国常驻联合国代表林德尔斯(Antje Leendertse)代表巴西、德国、印度和日本四国集团发言。他说,“安理会目前的组成无法有效地应对当代面临的挑战因此,安理会一再辜负人们的期望,无法及时、有效地应对国际和平与安全面临的最严重威胁”。


中国常驻联合国代表张军当天在联大全会中发言指出,安理会改革应锚定根源性问题,秉持系统观念,凝聚广泛共识。

表示,安理会成立78年来为消弭冲突、避免战争发挥了不可替代作用。同时,安理会的问题也必须得到正视,最根本问题就是组成不公、代表性不足、结构不合理,单一阵营长期主导安理会事务。只有找准“病根”才能对症下药,改革也才能有的放矢。


© 联合国资料图片 | 中国常驻联合国代表张军

张军强调,当前安理会运作深受地缘对抗、强权政治、双重标准等影响,团结合作氛围受到严重冲击,凝聚力和行动力遭到严重削弱。中国同广大会员国一样,呼吁并支持对安理会进行全面、有意义、系统性改革,确保安理会有效履行联合国宪章赋予的职责,及时回应国际社会期待,有力维护国际和平与安全。

他说,安理会是集体安全机制的核心,必须反映国际政治现实和未来发展趋势,必须体现世界多极化、国际关系民主化、全球南方群体性崛起的历史潮流。
安理会改革的唯一正确方向就是切实增加发展中国家代表性和发言权,这是绝大多数会员国的共同心声。任何背离这一方向的改革都不可接受。


张军表示,安理会改革事关会员国根本利益和全球治理体系调整,牵一发而动全身。
复杂问题没有简单解决办法。任何改革方案都必须兼顾各方关切,必须经得起时间和历史的检验。改革必须真正体现国际公平正义。

有关安理会改革政府间谈判

第62届联大决定秉持诚心和相互尊重,根据会员国的建议,从第63届联大开始非正式全体会议的形式就安理会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及与安理会有关的其他事项进行开放、包容各方和透明的政府间谈判,力求找到能赢得会员国最广泛政治接受的解决办法(第62/557号决议)。近期,联大决定:


  • 在第78届联大非正式全体会议上立即继续进行关于安理会改革的政府间谈判,以便为委员会今后的工作提供参考;


  • 欢迎会员国达成一项协议,协议规定通过为政府间谈判第一阶段(辩论阶段)引入网络直播、第二阶段(互动讨论阶段)保持闭门谈判,以及建立特定网站以保存直播内容、信函、决定、其他与政府间谈判进程相关的文件以及会员国发言的链接,从而提高过程的透明度和包容性;


  • 如经会员国决定,在第78届联大会议期间召开安理会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及其他与安全理事会有关事项不限成员名额工作组会议;


  • 并将该项目列入第78届联大议程(第77/559号决定)。

有关联合国安理会



 向下滑动查看更多 

1. 任务


《联合国宪章》规定设立六个联合国主要机关,其中包括安理会。《宪章》将维护国际和平与安全的首要责任赋予安理会,安理会可在和平受到威胁时随时举行会议。


根据《宪章》,联合国有四项宗旨
  • 维持国际和平与安全;

  • 发展国家间友好关系;

  • 合作解决国际问题和促进对人权的尊重;

  • 构成协调各国行动之中心。


联合国所有会员国都同意接受和执行安理会的决定。联合国其他机构只能向会员国提出建议,惟有安理会才有权做出会员国根据《宪章》必须执行的决定。


2. 维护和平与安全


安理会在接到一项威胁和平的投诉时,通常采取的第一个行动是建议当事方尝试以和平手段达成协议。安理会可以:
  • 提出达成此种协议的原则;

  • 在某些情况下进行调查和调解;

  • 派遣访问团;

  • 任命特使;

  • 请秘书长进行斡旋,以实现争端的和平解决。

  • 当争端导致敌对行动时,安理会首要关注的是尽快制止敌对行动。在这种情况下,安理会可以:
  • 发出有助于防止冲突升级的停火指示;

  • 派遣军事观察员或维持和平部队,帮助减少紧张程度,隔离敌对部队,并建立可寻求和平解决问题的安宁环境。

  • 除此之外,安理会还可选择各种强制执行措施,包括:
  • 经济制裁、军火禁运、金融惩罚和限制以及旅行禁令;

  • 断绝外交关系;

  • 封锁;

  • 乃至集体军事行动。


关心的主要问题是如何着重对那些受到国际社会谴责的政策或做法的负责者采取行动,同时尽量减少已采取的措施对其他人口群体和经济产生的影响。


3. 组织


安理会于1946年1月17日伦敦威斯敏斯特的教堂大楼举行第一次会议。自第一次会议后,安理会将其永久地址设在纽约市联合国总部。安理会还曾前往许多城市开会,1972年在埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴、1990年在巴拿马的巴拿马城和瑞士日内瓦举行会议。


每个理事国的代表必须常驻联合国总部,使安理会可在出现需要时随时举行会议。4. 职能和权力


根据《联合国宪章》,安理会具有下列职能和权力:


  • 依照联合国宗旨和原则维护国际和平与安全;

  • 调查可能引起国际摩擦的任何争端或局势;

  • 建议调解这些争端的方法或解决条件;

  • 制定计划以处理对和平的威胁或侵略行为,并建议应采取的行动;

  • 促请各会员国实施经济制裁和除使用武力以外的其他措施以防止或制止侵略;

  • 对侵略者采取军事行动;

  • 就接纳新会员国以及各国加入《国际法院规约》的条件提出建议;

  • 在“战略地区”行使联合国的托管职能;

  • 就秘书长的任命向大会提出建议,并与大会共同选举国际法院的法官。

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资料来源:联合国新闻


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