流量至上的猎奇时代,建设性新闻的价值、范式与趋势
我们讨论建设性新闻基本问题框架的立足点是:建设性新闻是什么,它与社会的关系怎样。所以,除了着眼于记者、媒介组织及媒介文化等研究建设性新闻,还需要立足于新闻生产规范是如何被构建的及建设性新闻理论的中国方案是如何进行本土实践的。
首先,进一步明晰建设性新闻的基本范畴与概念丛。正如麦金泰尔所担忧的那样,研究面临着复杂性,有一部分原因来自于建设性新闻的概念化,及其在实施中的前后矛盾。[62]近几年来关于建设性新闻概念的研究不少,存在范畴认识不清、运用不当等问题,希望能够结合记者、受众、传播内容等对建设性新闻研究进一步探索,并在未来几年里进一步概念化。[63]
其次,制定建设性新闻生产准则,建立采访、报道与传播的规范。建设性新闻作为一种新的报道形式,其采访技巧、报道准则与传播规则是亟待规范的领域。如何将这一新的新闻形式融入记者群体,成为被广泛认同的新闻规范?可能还需要展开有针对性的培训。目前,有媒体进行案例库建设。
截至2020年10月,方案新闻网与174个国家或地区的1302个新闻媒体制作了10297个解决方案的新闻。[64]2014年英国《积极新闻》与建设性新闻项目(The ConstructiveJournalism Project)合作,为新闻记者和新闻专业学生提供培训,提升了建设性新闻在英国业界的认同度。
再次,运用积极心理学、认知科学等多种研究方法探索建设性新闻的心理效果。传播与认知科学相结合的方法,最常见的有末梢神经系统量度(包括每分钟心跳数、心率变异性、脉搏)、皮肤电导,以及面部肌电图。其中,认知神经科学的研究技术与方法更进了一步,比如,事件相关电位(ERPs)、脑电(EEG)。近年来,建设性新闻研究已有一定积累,但对其积极心理效应的研究还显不足,在研究技术和手段上运用不充分,我们需要寻找契合这种新的新闻形式的心理学、神经科学方法。
最后,建设性新闻理论的本土化转译与理论创新。近年来,国内的建设性新闻研究方兴未艾,大多聚焦历史溯源、概念界定、特征辨析、话语建构、全球实践等领域。新世纪以来,唐绪军、殷乐等学者对建设性新闻进行了介绍,2019年出版了《建设性新闻的欧美案例》,并建立了专门的研究基地。建设性新闻研究一时“炙手可热”,一年时间里已有百余篇论文。这些探讨为中国建设性新闻的理论译介、概念梳理做了铺垫,但还属于一个理论理解、消化的过程。
图片来源:视觉中国
因此,笔者认为国内还需从以下几个方面推进:
一、立足于建设性新闻的内涵与外延,厘清建设性新闻的外在形式与内在逻辑。目前的研究大多还处于理论引介阶段,理论本土化还有待提升。比如,将其混同于正面报道;不知道怎样的新闻文本属于建设性新闻;不知道中国哪些频道、栏目或平台在生产建设性新闻等。西方近年在挖掘西方语境中的新闻“建设性”传统,国内这方面的工作较薄弱。需要注意的是,没有明晰的研究文本和研究对象,建设性新闻在中国的研究容易变成空中楼阁。所以说,建立建设性新闻数据库或案例库可以为新闻生产提供经验对象。另外,适当考虑将建设性新闻纳入国内评奖体系、纳入新闻工作者的培训课程或高校新闻课程内容。
二、建设性新闻研究的理论和方法大厦仍处于“毛坯”状态,还需夯实理论基础和方法体系。凯伦在访谈中谈到,西方学者已运用社会责任理论、角色理论、框架理论、新制度理论等来解释建设性新闻。如何将传播理论、心理学理论用起来,继而进行理论创新仍有待开启,这是一个挑战。在研究方法上,因为心理学方法与技术是进入效果取向的建设性新闻研究的核心方法,它将是国内建设性新闻研究得以深入的一个钥匙。
三、由于中西方实践模式和历史文化的差异,我们需要在受众分析、传播效果等方面的共性与差异做进一步讨论。要以中国新闻传播现象为主要研究对象,做到以“中国事实”为支撑、以解决“中国问题”为导向, 这不仅有理论对话的根据,还由中国新闻实践的特殊性决定。如此可能更有利于促进中国特色新闻学理论研究,增进国家治理能力现代化,推进全媒体主流话语建设的路径创新。
作者简介:
晏青,男,暨南大学新闻与传播学院副教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向:媒介文化、娱乐传播和传媒艺术。舒镒惠,女,暨南大学新闻与传播学院硕士研究生,主要研究方向:媒介文化。
文章来源于《福建师范大学学报》2020年第6期,原标题《建设性新闻的观念、范式与展望》
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