初三语法知识是以复习回顾为主,只有一项新的内容—过去完成时。今天我们一起看一下过去完成时的具体讲解。
过去完成时
过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense) :表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点 造成
的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的 事件 。在英语时态中,“时“指 动作 发生的时间,”态“指动作的样子和 状态 。它表示动作发生的时间是“ 过 去的过去 ”, 侧重 事情的结果。
He was proud of what he had done.上句中的was proud已经是过去的动作,而他所做的事情又发生在感到自豪之前,所以是“过去的过去”,要用过去完成时,即had done。
However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)?Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?
(1)by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间(2)when. before. after…….+过去时间(3)up till then (直到时); up until last night(直到昨晚)等。(4)already, just, ever, yet 等。
1. 由时间状语来判定:一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.
由“过去的过去”来判定:过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard,
thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said that she had seen the film before.在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意:before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after
本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.( 3 )表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he
went to Beijing.
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just ,
before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等引导的短语或从句连用。Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for
about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had
worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)Had done在虚拟语气中的运用(属于较特殊情况):(1)在虚拟条件句中的运用,此时的意思要根据语境而定,可以与虚拟语气一起来归纳。主要表示与过去事实相反的愿望,即与过去事实相反。If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.如果我听取了你的建议,我将会在考试中取得好的成绩。(had taken表明过去我没有采取建议)(2)有expect,intend,suppose(假定),hope,think等动词的过去完成时在句中出现时,表示未实现的打算,希望,愿望的意味。I expect that I had been an intern in that company.我希望我已经是那个公司的一名实习生。(同样地,我并不是这个公司的实习生)(3)在If only(但愿,要是) or wish出现的虚拟语气中,同样也表示与过去事实相反的愿望,想法。Honestly,if only I had studied in university.说真的,要是我在大学学习多好!(事实上我没有,与现实相反)I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.我希望我在运动会上被授予了奖励。(事实上获奖不存在)一些引导词 since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when
等,一般可视为 "had done" 出现的信号,从句常用一般过去时。No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant
sensation.惠特妮·休斯顿一开始唱歌,就引起了瞬时的轰动。(注意:这里由于no sooner 否定前置,句子谓语部分倒装,所以”had”提前)It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.达西住在这座城市已经有很长时间了。(达西在过去的某个时间点之前就住在这座城市)
英语中,已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作,为什么还有过去完成时呢?要记住:过去完成时的关键概念是:假设在过去发生了两件(或以上)的事件,一件是A事件,另一件是B事件,如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的,那就用一般过去时;但是,如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的,怎么办呢?那就是:哪个事件先发生,就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中,如果A事件先发生,A就用过去完成时;如果B事件先发生,B就用过去完成时;而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the
party.The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had
left in the office.在上面的五个例子中,我们只要稍微分析一下,就可以发现:每个例子讲述的内容中,都包含着两个(或以上)在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下,就非常明白:必定有一件事是先生的,另一件是后发生的:……said…… had never been to (先没有“去”,后“说”)……arrived……had run away. (先“跑”了,后“到”)…… had hoped ……would come……didn't (先“希望”,后才发生“没去”)……was disappointed……had left ……arrived (先“离开”,后“到达”和“失望”)……were writing……went ……had left (先“离开”,后“到”和“写”)
过去完成时的难点在于:有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件,因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢?By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.实际上,在上面的例句中,仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过,这次不是A、B两件事件的先后,而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。首先,句子中有个明确的过去时间点:12岁。说他“12岁”,显然是过去式。那么,紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了”,这个“谋生”是发生在“12岁”时,还是“12岁”前,还是“12岁”后?答案是肯定的:他的“谋生”发生在“12岁”之前!也就是说,“12岁”已经是一般过去时,而在“12岁”之前发生的事,当然是过去完成时。所以,在那么多表示时间状语的词中,大家要特别注意By、Until等的用法。可以说,在讲述过去的事件中,如果出现By……时间状语,很有可能要用过去完成时了。(当然,我说的是很有可能。)
类似的时间表达方式还有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义,不管句子怎么变化,应该没有多大的问题。Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点"then"(那时),而"hadn't heard"发生在then之前(包括 then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.I waited until he had finished his homework.We had got to the station before 10:00
had planned to do(本计划做而没有做,与过去事实相反)主句用过去完成,when/than后的从句用一般过去。为什么?Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.虽然到家的时间点和开始下雨的时间点非常接近,但是严格来说,主句动作到家发生在从句动作下雨之前(过去的过去),所以用had done。①It is/has been +一段时间+since sb. did②It is the +序数词+time that sb. have done③It is the +最高级+n +that sb. have done只需要把主从句都提前一个时态。即把主句一般现在提前为一般过去,把现在完成和一般过去提前为过去完成。
(1) 过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态,即:过去完成时强调“过去的过去”,而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。He studied there two years ago. He said he had studied there two years ago. (2) 表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时,一般用and, then, but按照动作的先后顺序连接,此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。He said he went the shop and bought some food. He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他进了房间,开灯,读了报纸。(3) 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。I have learned 1000 English words so far. I had learned 1000 English words till then.— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪儿?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“过去的过去”)
1.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,这一过去的时间可由by,before引导的时间副词片语或子句或从上下文中表示出来。So I had finished ironed your shirt before you got up.I had finished typing before lunch.2.过去完成时请使用 'Ctrl + c'执行复制操作表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能继续下去的动作或状态,常和by或since引导的表示时间的片语或子句连用。You had done housework for 2 months when I heard your complaints.He had studied English for five years when he took the exam.3.过去完成时请使用 'Ctrl + c'执行复制操作可表示过去未实现的希望或计划。I had hoped that you became an industrious man.I had hoped to pass examination.4.过去完成时请使用 'Ctrl + c'执行复制操作表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作、存在的状态或表示经历、经验。I said I had been angry for your laziness since we marriedHe said that he had been very busy since we last met.
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