学霸智商都是生出来的,鸡没用?科学家也在争吵...
你有这样的经历吗?智力是天生的吗?后天能培养吗?智力高的人,更容易成功吗?
果仁妈专门开辟专栏,解答家长们在这些点上的疑惑。上一篇,我们探讨了“智力测试”,今天再来探讨下“智力的影响因素“。在这篇文章中,你将了解到:
成功跟智力的关系
智力的影响因素
如何促进孩子的智力发展?
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1
关于“天才”,
那些不得不说的研究
他在七年内筛选出1528名智力测验中得高分的“神童”。这些孩子接受测试时平均年龄为11岁,平均智力得分为150,其中77人的智商在177至200之间[1][2]。
开始走路和说话的时间更早,身高更高;
学业成绩一般更好,学习兴趣更广泛;
更容易成为团队中的领导者,情绪更为稳定;
子女的智商一般比普通人的子女高;
工作中取得成功的比例比普通同龄人要高10-30倍(这里所说的成功是指获得博士学位、成为科学家等)。
在中国是否也存在这一现象呢?目前还没有大型的心理学研究可以给出相应结论,但是家长在日常的教育中,可以注意一下教育资源的平衡。
[1]Melita H. Oden (1968). The fulfillment of promise: 40-year follow-up of the terman gifted group. Genetic psychology monographs, 77(1), 3-93.
[2] Terman, L. M. . (1925). Genetic studies of genius: Mental and physical traits of a thousand gifted children.
[3] 彭聃龄. (2001). 普通心理学 (修订版). 北京师范大学出版社.
[4] Gillham, N. W. (2001). Sir Francis Galton and the Birth of Eugenics. Annual Review of Genetics, 35(1), 83–101.
[5] McClearn, G. E. (1997). Substantial Genetic Influence on Cognitive Abilities in Twins 80 or More Years Old. Science, 276(5318), 1560–1563.
[6] Grigorenko, B. . (2000). Heritability and intelligence..
[7] Haworth, C. M. A., Wright, M. J., Luciano, M., Martin, N. G., de Geus, E. J. C., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., . . . Plomin, R. (2010). The heritability of general cognitive ability increases linearly from childhood to young adulthood. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 1112–1120. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.55
[8] O’Connell, M., & Marks, G. N. (2021). Are the effects of intelligence on student achievement and well-being largely functions of family income and social class? Evidence from a longitudinal study of Irish adolescents. Intelligence, 84, 101511.
[9] Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., … Sowell, E. R. (2015). Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nature Neuroscience, 18(5), 773–778.
[10] Van der Waerden, J., Bernard, J. Y., De Agostini, M., Saurel-Cubizolles, M.-J., Peyre, H., … Heude, B. (2016). Persistent maternal depressive symptoms trajectories influence children’s IQ: The EDEN mother-child cohort. Depression and Anxiety, 34(2), 105–117.
[11] Belmont, L., & Marolla, F. A. (1973). Birth Order, Family Size, and Intelligence: A study of a total population of 19-year-old men born in the Netherlands is presented. Science, 182(4117), 1096–1101.
[12] Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Science, 29(8), 1358–1369.
[13] Clynes, T. (2016). How to raise a genius: lessons from a 45-year study of super-smart children. Nature, 537(7619), 152–155
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