(Bilingual)入境人员隔离期间排查新冠同时应排查猴痘病毒
指南从预防角度指出，出入境人员和涉疫地区人员需关注所在国的猴痘疫情信息。
在猴痘地方性流行地区，尽量避免与啮齿类动物和灵长类动物（包括患病或死亡的动物）发生接触，不直接接触动物的血和肉，必须彻底煮熟后才能食用。处理染病动物或感染组织以及在屠宰过程中，应佩戴手套及其他适当的防护用品。
疫区归国人员需注意自我健康监测，出现皮疹等症状时，应主动就医，并告知接诊医生疫区旅行史，以助于诊断和治疗。若在国外有过接触史和暴露史，尚未出现症状，可主动联系当地疾控中心进行咨询和报备。
指南指出，各级各类医疗卫生机构日常接诊发热伴出疹病人时，应注意询问病例流行病学史，同时进行病原学筛查，排除水痘、风疹、麻疹或其他明确病因引起。
现有入境人员隔离期间，在排查新冠病毒感染的同时，各地应主动对入境人员进行猴痘病毒排查，特别是入境前21天内有猴痘疫情报告国旅居史的人员，密切监测出疹情况，发现可疑人员或疑似病例，应按相关规定及时报告辖区疾控机构并转送定点收治医疗机构。
Inbound travelers to be screened for monkeypox
China has begun screening inbound international travelers for potential monkeypox infections as human-to-human transmission has begun being reported in a number of countries where the virus was previously rare, according to the National Health Commission.
Incoming travelers arriving in China are already required to undergo seven days of centralized isolation to prevent the risk of COVID-19. Now, they will also be monitored for rashes and other symptoms related to monkeypox, according to the latest prevention and control guideline for monkeypox released by the commission on July 1.
Precaution against the disease has been heightened as more than 20 nonendemic countries have identified monkeypox cases since early May, and the spread has been reported among humans, according to the document.
Human-to-human transmission of the virus is mainly through close contact. It is also possible for the virus to transmit between people through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated items, it added.
As rodents and primates are primary reservoirs of the virus, China will also restrict imports of these animals from Africa, where monkeypox has been endemic for years.
"Any animals suspected to have had contact with infected animals should be isolated and monitored for 30 days," the guideline said.
The disease's incubation period ranges from five to 21 days. Its death rate is estimated to be from around 1 to 10 percent, but most patients recover without special treatment. Young children and immunocompromised people are at higher risk of developing serious symptoms.
Research has shown that smallpox vaccines are effective at preventing monkeypox infections or reducing the disease's severity when being administered immediately following exposure to the virus. The commission said that domestic researchers are developing a new type of vaccine targeting monkeypox.
The World Health Organization ruled on June 25 that monkeypox was not yet a global health emergency.
However, Hans Henri Kluge, WHO regional director for Europe, said in a statement released on July 1 that "urgent and coordinated action" is imperative to halt the virus' spread in Europe as cases had tripled in the region over the past two weeks.
Kluge said the continent now represents nearly 90 percent of all laboratory-confirmed cases worldwide since mid-May.
Inbound travelers to be screened for monkeypox
China has begun screening inbound international travelers for potential monkeypox infections as human-to-human transmission has begun being reported in a number of countries where the virus was previously rare, according to the National Health Commission.
Incoming travelers arriving in China are already required to undergo seven days of centralized isolation to prevent the risk of COVID-19. Now, they will also be monitored for rashes and other symptoms related to monkeypox, according to the latest prevention and control guideline for monkeypox released by the commission on July 1.
Precaution against the disease has been heightened as more than 20 nonendemic countries have identified monkeypox cases since early May, and the spread has been reported among humans, according to the document.
Human-to-human transmission of the virus is mainly through close contact. It is also possible for the virus to transmit between people through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated items, it added.
As rodents and primates are primary reservoirs of the virus, China will also restrict imports of these animals from Africa, where monkeypox has been endemic for years.
"Any animals suspected to have had contact with infected animals should be isolated and monitored for 30 days," the guideline said.
The disease's incubation period ranges from five to 21 days. Its death rate is estimated to be from around 1 to 10 percent, but most patients recover without special treatment. Young children and immunocompromised people are at higher risk of developing serious symptoms.
Research has shown that smallpox vaccines are effective at preventing monkeypox infections or reducing the disease's severity when being administered immediately following exposure to the virus. The commission said that domestic researchers are developing a new type of vaccine targeting monkeypox.
The World Health Organization ruled on June 25 that monkeypox was not yet a global health emergency.
However, Hans Henri Kluge, WHO regional director for Europe, said in a statement released on July 1 that "urgent and coordinated action" is imperative to halt the virus' spread in Europe as cases had tripled in the region over the past two weeks.
Kluge said the continent now represents nearly 90 percent of all laboratory-confirmed cases worldwide since mid-May.
什么是猴痘病毒？
传播途径有哪些？
一起了解
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什么是猴痘病毒？
猴痘病毒（MPXV）归类于痘病毒科正痘病毒属，是对人类致病的4种正痘病毒属之一，另外3种是天花病毒、痘苗病毒和牛痘病毒。猴痘病毒分为西非分支和刚果盆地分支两个分支。本次非流行国家部分病例病毒测序结果为西非分支。
猴痘病毒的主要宿主为非洲啮齿类动物（包括非洲松鼠、树松鼠、冈比亚袋鼠、睡鼠等）。
猴痘病毒耐干燥和低温，在土壤、痂皮和衣被上可生存数月。对热敏感，加热至56℃30分钟或60℃10分钟可灭活。紫外线和一般消毒剂均可使之灭活，对次氯酸钠、氯二甲酚、戊二醛、甲醛和多聚甲醛等敏感。
传染源是什么？
主要传染源为感染猴痘病毒的啮齿类动物。灵长类动物（包括猴、黑猩猩、人等）感染后也可成为传染源。
传播途径是什么？
病毒经黏膜和破损的皮肤侵入人体。人主要通过接触感染动物病变渗出物、血液、其他体液，或被感染动物咬伤、抓伤而感染。人与人之间主要通过密切接触传播，也可通过飞沫传播，接触被病毒污染的物品也有可能感染，还可通过胎盘垂直传播。尚不能排除性传播。
人群易感吗？
人群普遍易感。既往接种过天花疫苗者对猴痘病毒存在一定程度的交叉保护力。
临床表现有哪些？
潜伏期5—21天，多为6—13天。发病早期出现寒战、发热，体温多在38.5℃以上，可伴头痛、嗜睡、乏力、背部疼痛和肌痛等症状。多数患者出现颈部、腋窝、腹股沟等部位淋巴结肿大。
发病后1—3天出现皮疹。部分患者可出现并发症，包括皮损部位继发细菌感染、支气管肺炎、脑炎、角膜感染、脓毒症等。
猴痘为自限性疾病，大部分预后良好。严重病例常见于年幼儿童、免疫功能低下人群，预后与感染的病毒分支、病毒暴露程度、既往健康状况和并发症严重程度等有关。
可治疗吗？
目前国内尚无特异性抗猴痘病毒药物，主要是对症支持和并发症的治疗。
对症支持治疗。卧床休息，注意补充营养及水分，维持水、电解质平衡。保持皮肤、口腔、眼及鼻等部位清洁及湿润，避免搔抓皮疹部位皮肤，以免继发感染。皮疹部位疼痛严重时可予镇痛药物。
并发症治疗。继发皮肤细菌感染时给予有效抗菌药物治疗，根据病原菌培养分离鉴定和药敏结果加以调整。不建议预防性应用抗菌药物。出现角膜病变时，可应用滴眼液，辅以维生素A等治疗。出现脑炎时给予镇静、脱水降颅压、保护气道等治疗。
Monkeypox is a viral disease, usually spread by touching or getting bitten by infected wild animals. Although it was first identified (and thus named) in laboratory monkeys in 1958, they are not a natural reservoir of the virus, which is usually passed on by rodents like rats or squirrels, or via the consumption of bushmeat. It is most common in western and central Africa.
The disease does not typically spread easily between people, but British health officials say it's possible if there was extremely close contact with an infected person.
The early symptoms of monkeypox include fever, muscle ache, chills and fatigue. In more severe cases, a rash can often develop on the face and genitals, which resembles those seen in chickenpox and smallpox.
It is related to smallpox but is usually milder, particularly the West African strain of the virus identified in a U.S. case, which has a fatality rate of around 1 percent. Most people fully recover in two to four weeks, the official said.
The virus is not as quickly transmitted as the SARS-CoV-2 virus that spurred the global COVID-19 pandemic.
温馨提醒
出入境途中，如出现不适症状，应及时、如实告知交通工具乘务员，并配合做好自我防护。出入境旅客有发热、头痛、肌肉酸痛、背痛、淋巴结肿大、大范围皮疹等症状的，要及时向海关申报，以便尽快获得检疫排查和后续诊治。
来源：央视新闻 China Daily CGTN
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