中国城镇化下半场的探索与实践① | UC海外观察沙龙9
宾大城市中国学社成立于2017年10月，致力于以讲座、论坛及讨论会等方式为宾大师生搭建多角度探讨中国城市发展的平台。学社旨在促进学者、专家与学生间跨领域、跨机构的互动交流，共同推动对中国城市发展的多方研究。
2020年2月，学社在宾大设计学院举办了一场题为“中国城镇化下半场的探索与实践”年度学会，同时也是《城市中国》海外观察沙龙系列的第九场。经历了以快速发展为特征的城市扩张后，中国城镇化下半场的新目标转变为建设以人为本的城市。如今，中国有8.1亿人生活在城市中，公共管理，城市设计与地产开发正在从不同角度来满足城市发展的新需求。
如何创新城市治理策略以协调城乡发展？房地产如何利用其在经济中的支柱地位来进行多种方法的开发？在“美丽的中国”呼吁下，设计将如何提升建成环境的质量？在今年的城市中国学社年会上，来自学界和业界的八位演讲嘉宾一同来探讨这些问题，并分享他们在中国城镇化发展新阶段的研究与实践。以下是本次学会的会议纪实。
开场致辞
Opening Remarks
Richard J Weller
宾夕法尼亚大学设计学院景观系主任，景观学教授和主席，也是宾大伊恩·L·麦克哈格城市与生态中心的联合执行主任。在30多年的实践中，他以学者和顾问的身份，专门研究城市、地域和国家尺度的项目和方案规划。他的最新研究涉及生物多样性与城市增长的紧张关系这一全球争论热点，并收录在他的最新出版物《世界末日地图集-人类世界发源图集》中。
Richard J Weller is the Meyerson Chair of Urbanism, professor and chair of landscape architecture, and co-executive director of The Ian L. McHarg Center for Urbanism and Ecology at the University of Pennsylvania. In over 30 years of practice he has worked as an academic and a consultant specializing in the formative stages of projects and scenario planning for cities, megaregions, and nations. His most recent research concerns global flashpoints between biodiversity and urban growth and is documented in his latest publication, ‘Atlas for the End of the World – Atlas for the Beginning of the Anthropocene’.
作为宾大城市中国第二次年度会议的开幕嘉宾，Richard J Weller教授欢迎学生和访客，并就“美丽中国 ”的含义展开了对话和讨论。Weller首先介绍了他的新书《美丽中国》。这本书集结了Weller在中央美术学院举办的“美丽中国”设计交流活动中的一系列讨论，汇集了中国资深和青年景观设计师对“美丽中国”的解读。但是，他指出，在交流会之后，由于多种不同的解读，他对美丽的中国的定义更加困惑。
As the opening guest of Urban China Collective’s Second Annual Conference, Richard Weller welcomed students and visitors, and initiated the conversation and discussion about the meaning of ‘Beautiful China’. Weller started by introducing his new book Beautiful China based on a symposium held by the Central Academy of Fine Art, which brought together Chinese Senior landscape architects and emerging landscape architects to discuss the meaning of Beautiful China. However, he pointed out, after the symposium he became even more confused about the definition of “Beautiful China” because of various forms of interpretations.
随后，Weller介绍了几个宾大设计学院的学生设计项目。第一个是位于京津冀区域的超大城市设计项目。设计目标是建立一套系统的生态修复方法。这套方法通过7个步骤来实现针对特定场地的迭代设计，而非一次性、自上而下的空间规划。这7个步骤是：
1）种子场地：种子场地是人们可以进行生态和社会研究，并开发针对特定场所的生态恢复策略的小型设计场地；
2）在种子场地周围建造苗圃，提供土壤和植被；
3）发展流动人口村；
4）创建生态修复项目；
5）通过链接分散的生态项目来创建更大的景观系统；
6）将景观项目与城市发展联系起来，使改善生态环境成为推动城市化的动力；7）观测种子项目。
他强调说，这种生态恢复与对应区域的城市发展是一个往复作用的、自下而上的过程。
Weller then introduced several studio projects at Stuart Weitzman School of Design. Firstly, he elaborated on a mega-city design project in the Jing-Jin-Ji Metropolitan Region. The goal is to establish an ecological resurrection approach, using 7 steps to achieve an iterative and site-specific design rather than an immediate top-down master plan. Specifically,
1) Seed. Seeds are small sites where people can conduct environmental and social research and develop site-specific designs for ecological restoration;
2) Construct nurseries around seeds to provide soil and vegetation;
3) Develop migrant worker villages;
4) Create restoration projects;
5) Create a larger landscape system by joining the dispersed ecological projects;
6) Connect landscape projects to urban development, making improving ecology the incentive to urbanization;
7) Monitor seed projects.
He emphasized that such ecological restoration coupled with urban development in their respective site is an iterative and bottom-up process.
京津冀地区生态修复的七个步骤。（图片来源/ Constructing an Ecological Civilization）
A site-specific seven-step method. (Source/ Constructing an Ecological Civilization)
第二个项目是对1954年建成的MOMA雕塑花园进行的微更新。为了将它变成一个当代中国园林，一个学生从破碎的瓷器中汲取灵感，并抽象出建筑语言。在另一个学生设计任务中，天安门广场被重新构想成人民公园。一些学生将其重新设计为快闪艺术公园。一名学生提议建造地下博物馆，讲述中国政治历史的故事，同时将地面上的老建筑连接起来。Weller介绍的其它项目还包括工业场地修复，城市村庄更新。所有的项目都从不同的角度说明了对“美丽中国”的理解。
The second project is a micro-scale redesign scheme for MOMA’s Sculpture Garden built in 1954. To turn it into a contemporary Chinese garden, a student took inspiration from broken porcelain that he developed into an architectural language. In another studio, the Tiananmen Square was reimagined as People’s Park. Some students redesigned it into a pop-up art park. Another student proposed an underground museum that tells the Chinese political history while connecting the historical buildings above ground. Other projects Weller introduced concerned post-industrial land restoration and urban village regeneration, each illustrating an understanding of ‘Beautiful China’ from a different perspective.
中国风格花园by Douglas Breuer_指导by Richard Weller + Valerio Morabito
Chinese style garden designed by Douglas Breuer, directed by Richard Weller + Valerio Morabito.
整个演讲过程中，Weller一直在提出一个问题：“美丽中国”到底意味着什么？从政策定义来看关键词包括：环境保护，绿色发展，宜居地球以及生态修复。Weller认为，若要通过“美丽中国”来引导整个国家的审美或许有些耸人听闻，但若将这一政策理解为将审美与生态融为一体的环境政策，那这个口号是具有说服力的。也许，推动变革也需要一定政策力度。
Throughout his remarks, Weller kept throwing out the question: What does “Beautiful China” mean? In the authority’s notion, its key words include environmental protection, low carbon development, man-earth harmony, and ecological restoration. Weller argues, horrendous as it may sound, China’s central government’s attempt to create an aesthetic for the entire nation through the Beautiful China Initiative could potentially be compelling when it is interpreted as an environmental policy that brings together beauty and ecology. And perhaps, we need such a heavy hand from the government to enact changes.
最后，Weller问道：作为一个政治口号，“美丽中国”是否可以看成是一个由政府引入景观专业的议程，激励设计师创造可持续的设计？答案只能留给未来的学生和业界了。
To conclude, Weller asked, as a political slogan, could “Beautiful China” be an agenda brought to the landscape architecture discipline by the government to create sustainable designs? The answer will leave to students and practitioners in the future.
未来的美丽中国
Future Beautiful China
周虹
James Corner Field Operations（JCFO）事务所的注册景观设计师和城市设计师，拥有超过15年的经验，并且在JCFO美国区和中国区的大型城市项目中发挥了领导作用。周虹目前是JCFO不少中国项目的负责人，包括深圳前海桂湾公园和上海桃浦中央绿地。她曾以首席设计师和项目经理身份参与曼哈顿中城多功能开发项目，并多次领导团队在中国的大型设计竞赛中获奖，包括雄安新区靴区城市设计国际咨询。
ZHOU Hong is a registered landscape architect and urban designer at James Corner Field Operations (JCFO) with over 15 years of experience and has played a leading role in JCFO’s large-scale urban projects in the U.S. and China. She is currently the Principal-in-Charge for many China projects, including Qianhai Guiwan Water Finger Park in Shenzhen and Taopu Central Park in Shanghai. Hong was previously the lead designer and project manager for the Manhattan West development, a mixed-use development in Midtown. She has led several winning entries for major design competitions in China, including Xiong’an Boot Area Urban Design International Consultancy.
周虹作为多个中国项目的负责人，首先谈到了James Corner Field Operations（JCFO）事务所2010年至2019年在中国的业务。在这10年中，JCFO在6个城市参与了22个项目，其中9个是公园。在这次宾大城市中国第二次年度学会中，她分享了其中的3个项目。
As the Principal-in-Charge for multiple China projects, Zhou Hong first introduced the practice of James Corner Field Operations (JCFO) in China from 2010 to 2019, during which the office has participated in 22 projects across 6 cities. Among them, 9 projects are parks, and she shared three of them during the UCC panel.
第一个项目是位于中国深圳前海水城，占地128英亩的桂湾手指公园。周虹为这个项目提出的关键字是“马拉松”，因为从设计开始已经持续了10年。2010年，JCFO在深圳前海地区概念规划国际咨询中胜出，击败了OMA、BIG、SWA等其他10个受邀的设计团队。方案最终在2019年开始建设。
The first project is Guiwan Finger Park, a 128-acre park located in Qianhai Water City, Shenzhen. The keyword Zhou gave this project is “marathon”, for its decade-long design process. In 2010, JCFO won the International Urban Design Competition for Qianhai area, Shenzhen, among 11 competitors, including OMA, BIG, and SWA. The construction was finally launched in 2019.
桂湾手指公园 Guiwan Finger Park
项目地块密集，紧凑，混合且以水为中心。如周虹所述，设计伊始就有许多环境问题出现，例如潮汐洪水和水质影响。在设计了几种解决洪水问题的解决方案之后，设计小组对现有河流和河道进行了拓宽，设计成创新的水利基础设施和公共公园。设计过程涉及许多垂直向度的考量。例如在扩宽公共空间一侧开发地块的同时重新梳理了雨水通道。每个分区按照典型的深圳街区尺度设计，肌理与城市社区连通。通过这种超高密度设计，这一地块将保持生态敏感性，同时也成为标志性的滨水区。
The project’s site is dense, compact, mixed-use and laid out around water. Since the beginning of the design, as Zhou mentioned, there has been many environmental issues involved, such as the tidal flood and water pollution. After several proposals for the flood issue, the team expanded existing rivers and channels and designed them as both innovative hydrological infrastructures and public parks. Many vertical designs were involved in this process. The development processed and remediated storm water while expanding the amount of development frontage onto public open spaces that structure and organize the larger urban context. Within each of the sub-districts, the fabric is designed in the common scale of a typical Shenzhen blocks and inter-connected with urban neighborhoods. In this hyper-dense design, the area will retain its ecological sensitivity while also becoming an iconic waterfront.
桂湾手指公园Guiwan Finger Park
设计也包含了很多不同的方面，包括植物配置，污水处理系统以及电信系统等。正如她所说，“整个设计是一台机器”。她还谈到了集成地下管道系统和智能公园系统，以及它们如何在多个程序中发挥作用，支持公园的运作。
The project also concerns different aspects, including the design of vegetation, sewage, telecom network and so forth. As Zhou mentioned, “The project is a machine”. She also talked about the integrated underground pipeline system, as well as the intelligent park management system, and how they function in multiple programs in the operation of the park.
第二个项目是位于上海，占地232英亩的桃浦中央绿地。周虹使用了“短而甜”作为关键字，因为该项目所需时间较短（2014年至今）。与桂湾手指公园的从生态出发的设计动机不同，桃浦公园的灵感概念来自中国传统的书法和舞蹈。
The second project is Taopu Central Park, a 232-acre park in Shanghai. Zhou used “short and sweet” to describe it because it took less time – from 2014 till now. Unlike Guiwan Water Finger Park that developed from an ecological concept, Taopu Central Park draws its inspiration from traditional Chinese calligraphy and dance.
项目地块为土壤受污染的后工业区。在设计过程中，设计团队研究了地形，根据填挖方的平衡调整了地形布局。路面铺装设计的灵感来自书法中笔触的变化。人行道组合了不同深浅的灰色，捕捉笔触的流畅动感。
The site was a post-industrial area with contaminated soil. Through topographical survey, the design adjusted the topography by balancing cut and fill volumes. The inspiration for the pavement design comes from calligraphy strokes. The pavement combines various tones of gray to capture the momentum of the strokes and create a sense of flow.
桃浦中央绿地 Taopu Central Park
在社交活动方面，设计用天然材料打造互动区域，增加参与度。例如，竹棚供儿童休息，躲藏和寻找；在毛毛虫隧道中，孩子们可以奔跑嬉戏；隧道出口的金属滑道可作为通往桩山的通道，带孩子们探索和玩耍。未来，南部地区将更多地引入城市生活，提供更多公共空间。
As for social activities, the design uses natural materials to create interactive areas so as to increase participation. For example, for children, there are bamboo huts to play hide and seek, a caterpillar tunnel where they can chase each other, a metal slide at the end of the tunnel that serves as a passage to the hill, leading children to explore. In the future, the southern area will be more engaged into urban life and introduce more public space.
滑动查看 桃浦中央绿地Taopu Central Park
第三个项目是占地665英亩的深圳国际友好城市公园（原中心公园）。设计团队去年赢得了比赛。公园位于深南大道和深圳绿色走廊的交汇处，与纽约中央公园的面积大致相同。设计团队对场地进行了研究，并将现状问题归纳为四个方面：水资源管理不善，节点零散，不连贯性和缺乏生物栖息地管理。
The third project is International Friendship Park, a 665-acre park in Shenzhen. The team won the competition last year. This park is located at the cross point of Shennan Avenue and Shenzhen’s green corridor and is of similar size to New York’s Central Park. Based on the site condition, the design team summarized existing issues into four challenges: poor water management, fragmented nodes, incoherence and poor management of bio habitat.
深圳国际友好城市公园
Shenzhen International Friendship Park
在水系管理系统上，现有渠道太狭窄，不足以发展湿地和水文基础设施。因此，设计从扩大河道宽度着手，引入水流设施，逐步开发绿地并种植，改善绿色走廊。根据场地的连通性，设计重新梳理了流线的主次层级。此外，在生物栖息地的考量上，设计团队将场地划分为限制人流路径的自然风景区和功能更为丰富的市民活动区。
As for the water management system, the existing channels are too narrow to develop wetland and hydrological infrastructures. Hence, the design starts with expanding the channels and introducing water facilities, to gradually develop green space and vegetation to transform the green corridor. The hierarchy of circulation is redesigned based on connectivity. Additionally, as for the bio habitat, the design divides the site into natural zones with limited circulation and civic zones with more programs.
深圳国际友好城市公园
Shenzhen International Friendship Park
沙龙组织者
张祎婧，宾夕法尼亚大学设计学院城市与区域规划系硕士，宾大城市中国学社（UCC）主席，《城市中国》第四期海外观察员。主要研究土地利用与环境规划，曾参与纽瓦克机场改造规划、奥斯汀韧性城市规划等项目。
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