【存照】预防病毒：买不到口罩？国际专家说戴手套其实更重要！

曾在萨斯期间到中国和香港调查的美国病毒防疫专家劳里-加勒特（Laurie Garrett）强调防止病毒的传播，戴手套很重要。她的长篇建议2020年1月25日在美国《外交政策》网站刊出。她提出亲身实践的日常防范措施，总结如下：

——外出一定戴上手套，在地铁、公车和公共场所戴上。在没有仔细洗手之前，绝不用手触摸脸或眼睛，无论有多痒。重新戴手套之前一定洗干净手。每天更换手套，彻底清洗，避免戴潮湿的手套。

——注意开窗通风。与其他人拉开距离，最少保持半米（1.5英尺）。如有人咳嗽或打喷嚏，就请他戴上口罩，如对方拒绝，就离开他一米。如果照顾发烧的人，一定戴上紧口罩，并给病人也戴上口罩。照顾病人时最好穿盖住自己全身的衣服。把病人穿过和碰过的东西和餐具在热肥皂水里洗彻底。

——毛巾不能和人混用，勤洗换，每周至少两次。小心门把手，开关门要戴手套，也可用手肘或肩膀帮忙。常用酒精清洗门把手，楼梯扶手、台式电脑、手机、玩具、笔记本电脑…。如果碰了别人的手机、炊具，或电脑键盘，要马上洗手，千万别碰你的脸。

——使用公筷公勺用餐，喝水不要与别人共用一个杯子或一个容器。在查清病毒来自什么动物之前，不要购买、屠宰或食用任何活动物或鱼。

英语原文：

1. When you leave your home, wear gloves—winter mittens or outdoor gloves—and keep them on in subways, buses, and public spaces.

2. If you are in a social situation where you should remove your gloves, perhaps to shake hands or dine, do not touch your face or eyes, no matter how much something itches. Keep your hands away from contact with your face. And before you put your gloves back on, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water, scrubbing the fingers. Put your gloves on.

3. Change gloves daily, washing them thoroughly, and avoid wearing damp gloves.

4. Masks are useless when worn outdoors and may not be very helpful even indoors. Most masks deteriorate after one or two wearings. Using the same mask day after day is worse than useless—it’s disgusting, as the contents of your mouth and nose eventually coat the inside of the mask with a smelly veneer that is attractive to bacteria. I rarely wear a face mask in an epidemic, and I have been in more than 30 outbreaks. Instead, I stay away from crowds, and I keep my distance from individual people—a half meter, about 1.5 feet, is a good standard. If someone is coughing or sneezing, I ask them to put on a mask—to protect me from their potentially contaminated fluids. If they decline, I step a meter (about 3 feet) away from them, or I leave. Don’t shake hands or hug people—politely beg off, saying it’s better for both of you not to come in close contact during an epidemic.

5. Inside your household, remove all of the towels from your bathrooms and kitchen immediately, and replace them with clean towels that have the names of each family member on them. Instruct everybody in your home to only use their own towels and never touch another family member’s. Wash all towels twice a week. Damp towels provide terrific homes for viruses, like common colds, flus, and, yes, coronaviruses.

6. Be careful with doorknobs. If it’s possible to open and close doors using your elbows or shoulders, do so. Wear gloves to turn a doorknob—or wash your hands after touching it. If anybody in your home takes sick, wash your doorknobs regularly. Similarly, be cautious with stairway banisters, desktops, cell phones, toys, laptops—any objects that are hand-held. As long as you handle only your own personal objects, you will be ok—but if you need to pick up someone else’s cell phone or cooking tools or use someone else’s computer keyboard, be mindful of not touching your face and wash your hands immediately after touching the object.

7. If you share meals, do not use your personal chopsticks and utensils to remove food from a serving bowl or plate and, of course, tell your children to never drink out of anybody else’s cups or from a container of shared fluid. It is customary in China to prepare several dishes for a meal and then allow everybody at the table to use their personal chopsticks to pull food from the common dishes: Don’t do this until the epidemic is over. Place serving spoons in each dish and instruct everybody at the table to scoop what they want from the serving dishes onto their personal plates or bowls, return the serving spoon to the main dish, and then use their personal chopsticks only to pick food from their personal plate or bowl into their mouth. Wash all food and kitchenware thoroughly between meals and avoid restaurants that have poor hygiene practices.

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