在巴西的论坛谈中国全球治理观：中国不愿成新霸权

编者按：10月22日，中国人民大学重阳金融研究院院长王文受邀线上参加巴西圣保罗大学金砖研究小组主办的“第八届金砖国家研讨会——金砖+：新时代”。同时相关观点在“全球南方国家智库论坛”上做了表达，该论坛被包括《央视新闻联播》在内的全球1000多家媒体报道。现将其发言两段视频及中英文内容发布如下：

▲点击查看视频

非常感谢给我这个机会，让我来分享来自中国人的全球治理观。事实上，长期以来，中国人并不想参与全球治理，从1978年改革开放以来，中国人一直秉持的对外政策理念是韬光养晦，做好自己的事儿，直到2008年国际金融危机的爆发。

对于中国人来说，2008年是中国参与全球治理的重要转折点。2008年出现的G20机制，让中国有机会跟全世界最重要的另外19个经济体平起平坐、商量全球经济治理的未来，探讨国际体系的改革。当时中国国家主席提出国际金融改革的方向，就是要坚持公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序。当时的中国央行行长周小川还提出，要建立超主权货币机制来代替美元的霸权，引起世界的轰动。

此后，2009年金砖领导人机制正式建立，中国成为金砖机制的重要力量，甚至是绝对的支柱。因为中国经济实力是其他金砖国家GDP相加的总和。从金砖的角度看，中国的全球治理能力得到了非常好的施展。在金砖机制平台上，目前已形成了60多个合作机制，包括经济、贸易、金融、文化、体育等等。15年来，金砖机制日益成为新兴经济体和发展中国家团结合作的最重要平台，也推动着全球治理朝着公正、公平、包容、有序方向不断发展的最重要动力。

2024年金砖国家扩员到10个国家。在喀山举行的2024年金砖国家有25国领导人参加，33个国家重要代表与会，这是最大规模的金砖领导人年度会晤。这说明金砖机制正展现出来了前所未有的开放包容，也代表全球治理体系改革的新方向。

我相信，金砖机制未来还会进一步扩员，会有15个、20个甚至30个国家都加入了金砖体制，将会进一步推动全球治理体系的重大变革。

金砖机制在过去15年的快速发展，得益于中国积极参与全球治理。那么，或许有人就会问，中国是不是要通过金砖机制来领导世界呢？要取决于你怎么样来理解“领导”这个词？

如果领导意味着新的霸权，中国“领导”世界就是要建立中华帝国主义或者像美国那样的新霸权，那么，我相信，绝大多数中国人都是反对的。中国不喜欢霸权，也反对霸权，更不愿意成为新的霸权国。一百多年前，中国曾经受到霸权的欺凌、压榨、破坏，深深感受到霸权是时代的罪恶。推己及人，中国怎么可能会成为新的霸权呢？

但是，如果把“领导”视为是一种协调，那么，中国当然很愿意拥有这种“领导力”。事实上，过去几年，中国协调沙特和伊朗关系，推动巴勒斯坦内部团结，希望俄罗斯和乌克兰尽快恢复和平，这些都是中国所希望体现出来的、协调性的全球治理领导力。对中国而言，和平合作将产生巨大的红利，中国需要创造这种产生红利的外部环境。

但是，如果你把这种“领导力”视为是一种“楷模”或者“示范”，那么，中国可能还需要很长的努力。尽管现在越来越多的国家表示，要向中国学习发展经验以及全球治理的对外交往经验，但是，中国需要提升的地方还非常多。中国国内面临的挑战也非常大，中国希望跟越来越多国家交流自身的发展经验，也希望继续学习他国。但是，中国也不愿成为教师爷，而是希望，新全球治理体系是一个平等合作、相互尊重、互利共赢的体系。

那么新的问题又来了，中国希望怎样才能建立更好的全球治理体系呢？中国的全球治理体系的终极目标是什么呢？

答案很简单，中国的终极目标就是要建立人类命运共同体。而建立人类命运共同体的路径，就是通过一系列倡议来实现，比如“一带一路”倡议。在过去的11年，中国已经和150多个国家签署了一带一路合作协议，对外投资的数额已经超过1万亿美元。11年来，中国为非洲国家建设了70%以上的大型基础设施，比如桥梁、铁路、公路、港口等等。

还有，中国在过去的三年有提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议和全球文明倡议，都是代表着一个新型全球强国的新全球治理观。这些新的全球治理观与过去的西方国家完全不同。

西方国家参与全球治理，是希望建立一种等级制。最高层就是霸权，其他国家是霸权的附属。在这个体系中，谁不听话，霸权就可以通过联盟体系，制裁他，甚至发动战争打压他。

而中国希望形成的全球治理体系，是平等合作、相互尊重的网络状。

当然，这种全球治理体系的形成并非容易，也不是短期内能够形成的可能需要10年、20年、50年甚至100年，但只要我们不断地做下去，人类文明新形态就定将形成。

在这个过程中，防范风险变得非常重要。首要须防范的，就是中美两国要跳出“修昔底德陷阱”，避免两个大国之间的军事碰撞，也要小心中了美国为中国周边设下的离岸平衡战略，引诱中国与周边的国家发生冲突。这些冲突都是中国需要极度避免的，所以，中国小心翼翼的通过协商解决周边的矛盾。

第二，就是要提升双边、多边层面上的战略互信。现在许多国家对中国看法受到西方媒体的影响，认为中国是一种威胁，或者认为中国发展已经达到了顶峰，这些都是错误的看法。

总而言之，中国有战略耐心，能够持续推进全球治理的改革与合作。毕竟中国参与全球治理仅15年，就已取得如此巨大的成就。如果再给中国15年、甚至50年了，未来世界一定会变得更加美好。

▲10月16日，王文在全球南方国家智库论坛上的演讲内容

主持人：慎海雄先生在视频中提到全球南方有三点相似之处。首先，我们在追求国家独立的过程中有相似的历程；其次，我们有一个共同的目标，那就是寻求自己的发展道路；最后，我们共同呼吁建立一个公平公正的国际秩序。但今天我们面临的共同挑战是什么呢？

王文：我完全同意慎海雄先生的发言，我们和全球南方国家的确有许多相似之处，但现在的问题是我们也面临着许多相似的全球性挑战。实际上，当今世界正面临二战以来最严重的挑战和局势。首先是战争，世界上发生了许多战争。其次，全球经济增长停滞。过去五年，全球经济增长率只有2%到2.3%，这是二战以来最低的经济增长率。这意味着全球南方国家的经济状况不太好，甚至中国现在也面临着巨大的经济增长压力。第三个挑战，就是气候变化和病毒的威胁。我们必须面对这些相似的挑战，并逐步联合解决它们。

主持人：我来问你一个棘手的问题。我觉得这个问题棘手，是因为中文里有句话叫“名不正言不顺”，如果没有正确的名称，你就无法有效表达立场。我们现在听到“全球东方”这个词，特别是在西方的讨论中，常常被提及，为什么会这样？

王文：首先，我必须说所谓的“全球东方”是一个非常非常糟糕的定义，所谓的“全球东方”指的是中国、俄罗斯、伊朗、朝鲜等国家。这是把意识形态引入国际竞争，企图分裂全球南方国家。这很像离岸平衡策略中的阴谋活动。全球南方国家必须像今天这样坐在一起，互相信任，保持可持续发展和社会稳定，这样我们才能确保全球南方的持续崛起。

以下为王文在“第八届金砖国家研讨会——金砖+：新时代”上演讲内容的英文版：

Thank you very much for giving me this opportunity to share the global governance view from China. In fact, for quite a long time, China did not want to participate in global governance. Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China have always adhered to the foreign policy idea of keeping a low profile and doing our own thing well until the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008.

For China, 2008 is an important turning point to participate in global governance. The G20 mechanism that emerged in 2008 gave China the opportunity to sit on an equal footing with the other 19 most important economies in the world, discuss the future of global economic governance, and explore reforms in the international system. At that time, the Chinese President proposed the direction of international financial reform, which was to adhere to a fair, just, inclusive, and orderly new international financial order. At that time, Zhou Xiaochuan, the Governor of the People's Bank of China, also proposed to establish a super sovereign currency mechanism to replace the hegemony of the US dollar, causing a sensation in the world.

Afterwards, in 2009, the BRICS Leaders' Mechanism was officially established, and China became an important force, even an absolute pillar, of the BRICS mechanism. Because China's economic strength is the sum of the GDP of other BRICS countries. From the perspective of BRICS, China's global governance capabilities have been well demonstrated. On the BRICS mechanism platform, more than 60 cooperation mechanisms have been formed, including economy, trade, finance, culture, sports, and so on. In the past 15 years, the BRICS mechanism has increasingly become the most important platform for solidarity and cooperation among emerging economies and developing countries, and has also been the most important driving force for the continuous development of global governance towards justice, fairness, inclusiveness, and orderliness.

By 2024, the BRICS countries will expand to 10 countries. The 2024 BRICS Leaders' Meeting held in Kazan, attended by 25 leaders and 33 important representatives, is the largest annual BRICS summit. This indicates that the BRICS mechanism is demonstrating unprecedented openness and inclusiveness, and also represents a new direction for the reform of the global governance system.

I believe that the BRICS mechanism will further expand its membership in the future, with 15, 20, or even 30 countries joining the BRICS system, which will further promote significant changes in the global governance system.

It is obvious that the BRICS mechanism has surged in the past 15 years, stemming from China's participation in global governance.

So, perhaps some people may ask, is China going to lead the world through the BRICS mechanism?

It depends on how you understand the word 'leader'?

If leadership means new hegemony, and China's "leadership" of the world is to establish Chinese imperialism or a new hegemony like the United States, then I believe that the overwhelming majority of Chinese people are against it. China does not like hegemony, opposes hegemony, and is even less willing to become a new hegemonic power. More than a hundred years ago, China was bullied, oppressed, and destroyed by hegemony, and deeply felt that hegemony was the evil of the times. How could China become a new hegemon by extending oneself to others?

However, if 'leadership' is seen as a form of coordination, then China is certainly willing to have this 'leadership'. In fact, in the past few years, China has coordinated the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran, promoted internal unity in Palestine, and hoped that Russia and Ukraine can restore peace as soon as possible. These are all the coordinated global governance leadership that China hopes to demonstrate. For China, peaceful cooperation will generate huge dividends, and China needs to create an external environment that generates these dividends.

However, if you view this 'leadership' as a' model 'or' demonstration', then China may still need a long way to go. Although more and more countries are expressing their desire to learn from China's development experience and global governance in foreign exchanges, there are still many areas where China needs to improve. The challenges faced domestically in China are also significant, and China hopes to exchange its development experience with more and more countries, as well as continue to learn from other countries. However, China also does not want to become a preacher or an international teacher, but hopes that the new global governance system will be an equal cooperation, mutual respect, and win-win system.

So a new question has arisen, how does China hope to establish a better global governance system? What is the ultimate goal of China's global governance system?

The answer is simple, China's ultimate goal is to establish a community with a shared future for mankind. The path to building a community with a shared future for mankind is achieved through a series of initiatives, such as "the Belt and Road" initiative. In the past 11 years, China has signed cooperation agreements with more than 150 countries along the Belt and Road, and the amount of foreign investment has exceeded 1 trillion dollars. Over the past 11 years, China has built more than 70% of large-scale infrastructure for African countries, such as bridges, railways, highways, ports, and so on.

In addition, China has put forward the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative, and Global Civilization Initiative in the past three years, all representing a new global governance concept of a new type of global power. These new global governance perspectives are completely different from those of Western countries in the past.

Western countries' participation in global governance is aimed at establishing a hierarchical system. The highest level is hegemony, and other countries are subordinate to hegemony. In this system, whoever does not listen, hegemony can use the alliance system to sanction them, and even launch wars to suppress them.

The global governance system that China hopes to form is a network of equal cooperation and mutual respect.

Of course, the formation of this global governance system is not easy, nor can it be formed in the short term. It may take 10, 20, 50, or even 100 years, but as long as we continue to do so, a new form of human civilization will surely emerge.

In this process, risk prevention becomes very important. The first thing to guard against is for China and the United States to break out of the "Thucydides Trap" and avoid military collisions between the two major powers. We should also be careful not to fall into the offshore balancing strategy set by the United States for China's periphery, which may lure China into conflicts with neighboring countries. These conflicts are ones that China needs to avoid extremely, so China carefully resolves the conflicts in its surrounding areas through negotiation.

Secondly, it is necessary to enhance strategic mutual trust at the bilateral and multilateral levels. Nowadays, many countries' views on China are influenced by Western media, believing that China is a threat or that China has developed and reached its peak. These are all incorrect views.

In summary, China has strategic patience and is able to sustainably promote reforms and cooperation in global governance. After all, China has only been involved in global governance for 15 years and has achieved such tremendous results in global governance. If China is given another 15 or even 50 years, the world will definitely become a better place in the future.

以下为王文在““和平·发展·安全 携手共建命运与共的繁荣世界”全球南方国家智库论坛”上演讲内容的英文版：

Question-master: To start, Wang Wen, I’ll begin with you. Mister Shen Haicheng mentioned in the video that the Global South shares three similarities. First, we have a common journey in pursuing national independence. Second, we aim to find our own development paths. Lastly, we unite in our call for a fair and just international order. But what is the common challenge we are facing today?

Wang Wen: Thank you for having me. I fully agree with Mister Shen Haicheng’s speech. We indeed share many similarities, but now we also face many common global challenges. As we all know, today’s world is facing the worst challenges since the end of World War II. The first challenge is wars—many wars are happening around the world right now.

The second challenge is economic stagnation. In the last five years, global economic growth has been only 2-2.3%, the lowest since the end of World War II. Many Global South countries are struggling economically, and even China is under significant pressure to maintain economic growth.

The third challenge is, of course, climate change and global health threats like pandemics. We must face these common challenges together and work collectively to solve them step by step.

Question-master: Mister Wang Wen, let me ask you a tricky question. In Chinese, we say "名不正则言不顺" (if the name is not correct, the words won’t be persuasive). Recently, we’ve been hearing the term "Global East" alongside "Global South," especially from Western sources. Why is that?

Wang Wen: Firstly, I must say that the term "Global East" is a very problematic and misleading definition. It typically refers to countries like China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. I believe this is an attempt to inject ideology into international competition and divide the Global South. This is similar to the strategy of offshore balancing. Global South countries need to come together, trust each other, and pursue sustainable development and social stability. Only then can we ensure the continued rise of the Global South. That’s my opinion.

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中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）成立于2013年1月19日，是重阳投资向中国人民大学捐赠并设立教育基金运营的主要资助项目。

作为中国特色新型智库，人大重阳聘请了全球数十位前政要、银行家、知名学者为高级研究员，旨在关注现实、建言国家、服务人民。目前，人大重阳下设7个部门、运营管理4个中心(生态金融研究中心、全球治理研究中心、中美人文交流研究中心、中俄人文交流研究中心)。近年来，人大重阳在金融发展、全球治理、大国关系、宏观政策等研究领域在国内外均具有较高认可度。

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