刚刚，2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓
北京时间10月5日下午17:30，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院，2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓：Harvey J. Alter、Michael Houghton、Charles M. Rice共同获奖，获奖理由：发现丙型肝炎病毒（for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus）。
无注释原文：
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020
This year’s Nobel Prize is awarded to three scientists who have made a decisive contribution to the fight against blood-borne hepatitis, a major global health problem that causes cirrhosis and liver cancer in people around the world.
Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice made seminal discoveries that led to the identification of a novel virus, Hepatitis C virus. Prior to their work, the discovery of the Hepatitis A and B viruses had been critical steps forward, but the majority of blood-borne hepatitis cases remained unexplained. The discovery of Hepatitis C virus revealed the cause of the remaining cases of chronic hepatitis and made possible blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives.
Hepatitis – a global threat to human health
Liver inflammation, or hepatitis, a combination of the Greek words for liver and inflammation, is mainly caused by viral infections, although alcohol abuse, environmental toxins and autoimmune disease are also important causes. In the 1940’s, it became clear that there are two main types of infectious hepatitis. The first, named hepatitis A, is transmitted by polluted water or food and generally has little long-term impact on the patient. The second type is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids and represents a much more serious threat since it can lead to a chronic condition, with the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (Figure 1). This form of hepatitis is insidious, as otherwise healthy individuals can be silently infected for many years before serious complications arise. Blood-borne hepatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and causes more than a million deaths per year world-wide, thus making it a global health concern on a scale comparable to HIV-infection and tuberculosis.
Significance of this Nobel Prize-awarded discovery
The Nobel Laureates’ discovery of Hepatitis C virus is a landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases (Figure 2). Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health. Their discovery also allowed the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C. For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, raising hopes of eradicating Hepatitis C virus from the world population. To achieve this goal, international efforts facilitating blood testing and making antiviral drugs available across the globe will be required (Figure 3).
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020
This year’s Nobel Prize is awarded to three scientists who have made a decisive contribution to the fight against blood-borne hepatitis, a major global health problem that causes cirrhosis and liver cancer in people around the world.
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予三位科学家，他们为抗击血源性肝炎做出了决定性的贡献，血源性肝炎是一个全球性的重大健康问题，会导致世界各地的人们患上肝硬化和肝癌。
blood-borne
-borne 表示“…传播的；…携带的；...承载的”，英文解释为“carried or moved by a particular thing”，如：air-borne 空气传播的，water-borne 水传播的，rocket-borne weapons 火箭运载武器。
📍此前在戴口罩有用吗？一文中BBC就提到：Virologists are sceptical about their effectiveness against airborne viruses. 病毒学家对其对抗空气中传播的病毒的有效性持怀疑态度。
hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪtɪs/
表示“肝炎”，英文解释为“Hepatitis is a serious disease which affects the liver.”
cirrhosis /sɪˈrəʊsɪs/
表示“肝硬化”，英文解释为“Cirrhosis or cirrhosis of the liver is a disease which destroys a person's liver and which can kill them. It is often caused by drinking too much alcohol.”
Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice made seminal discoveries that led to the identification of a novel virus, Hepatitis C virus. Prior to their work, the discovery of the Hepatitis A and B viruses had been critical steps forward, but the majority of blood-borne hepatitis cases remained unexplained. The discovery of Hepatitis C virus revealed the cause of the remaining cases of chronic hepatitis and made possible blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives.
哈维·阿尔特（Harvey J. Alter）、迈克尔·霍顿（Michael Houghton）、以及查尔斯·赖斯（Charles M. Rice）做出了开创性的发现，从而鉴定出一种新型病毒——丙型肝炎病毒（Hepatitis C virus）。在他们的工作之前，甲型和乙型肝炎病毒（Hepatitis A and B viruses）的发现已经迈出了关键性的一步，但大多数血源性肝炎病例仍然没有得到解释。丙型肝炎病毒的发现揭示了其余慢性肝炎病例的病因，使血液检测和新药成为可能，挽救了数百万人的生命。
seminal
表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。
chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/
1) 表示“（疾病）慢性的，长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured”，如：chronic arthritis表示“慢性关节炎”。
2) 表示“（问题）长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved”。举个🌰：
There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
长期存在师资短缺的问题。
3) 还有一种解释是用来形容人“积习难改的”，如“长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人”我们就可以用chronic alcoholic/gambler表示。
◉ Hepatitis – a global threat to human health 肝炎--人类健康的全球性威胁
Liver inflammation, or hepatitis, a combination of the Greek words for liver and inflammation, is mainly caused by viral infections, although alcohol abuse, environmental toxins and autoimmune disease are also important causes.
肝脏炎症（liver inflammation），即肝炎（hepatitis），是希腊语中肝脏和炎症的组合词，主要由病毒感染引起，但酗酒、环境毒素和自身免疫性疾病也是重要病因。
inflammation
表示“发炎；炎症”，英文解释为“An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.”
toxin
toxin /ˈtɒksɪn/ 表示“毒素”，英文解释为“A toxin is any poisonous substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants.”
autoimmune
autoimmune /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn/ 表示“自体免疫的；自身免疫的”，英文解释为“an autoimmune disease or medical condition is one which is caused by substances that usually prevent illness”
In the 1940’s, it became clear that there are two main types of infectious hepatitis. The first, named hepatitis A, is transmitted by polluted water or food and generally has little long-term impact on the patient. The second type is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids and represents a much more serious threat since it can lead to a chronic condition, with the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (Figure 1). This form of hepatitis is insidious, as otherwise healthy individuals can be silently infected for many years before serious complications arise. Blood-borne hepatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and causes more than a million deaths per year world-wide, thus making it a global health concern on a scale comparable to HIV-infection and tuberculosis.
20世纪40年代，人们明确了传染性肝炎主要有两种类型。第一种被命名为甲型肝炎（hepatitis A），通过污染的水或食物传播，通常对患者几乎没有长期影响。第二种类型通过血液和体液（bodily fluids）传播，威胁更大，因为它会导致慢性疾病，发展为肝硬化和肝癌（图1）。这种形式的肝炎是潜伏性的，因为原本健康的人在出现严重的并发症之前可能会被悄悄地感染多年。血液传播的肝炎与显著的发病率和死亡率有关，在全世界范围内每年造成超过一百万人死亡，因此它是一个全球性的健康问题，其规模可与HIV感染和结核病（tuberculosis）相当。
insidious
insidious /ɪnˈsɪdɪəs/ 表示“潜伏的；隐袭的；隐伏的；暗中为害的”，英文解释为“spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm”举个🌰：
The changes are insidious, and will not produce a noticeable effect for 15 to 20 years.
变化是悄然发生的，15到20年间不会产生明显效果。
🎬电影《灵书妙探》（Castle）中的台词提到：within the vast and insidious conspiracy behind all this, 其背后巨大狡猾的阴谋中。
complications
表示“并发症”，英文解释为“A complication is a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness or disease.”举个🌰：
Blindness is a common complication of diabetes.
失明是糖尿病常有的一种并发症。
morbidity & mortality
morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。
mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。
tuberculosis
tuberculosis /tjʊˌbɜːkjʊˈləʊsɪs/ 表示“肺结核”，英文解释为“Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease that affects someone's lungs and other parts of their body. The abbreviation is also used.”
◉ Significance of this Nobel Prize-awarded discovery 这一获得诺贝尔奖的发现的意义
The Nobel Laureates’ discovery of Hepatitis C virus is a landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases (Figure 2). Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health. Their discovery also allowed the rapid development of antiviral drugs directed at hepatitis C. For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, raising hopes of eradicating Hepatitis C virus from the world population. To achieve this goal, international efforts facilitating blood testing and making antiviral drugs available across the globe will be required (Figure 3).
诺贝尔奖获得者发现丙型肝炎病毒，是当前抗击病毒性疾病的一个里程碑式成就（图2）。由于他们的发现，现在已经有了对病毒高度敏感的血液检测方法，这些方法基本上消除了世界上许多地区的输血后肝炎，极大地改善了全球健康状况。他们的发现也使针对丙型肝炎的抗病毒药物得以迅速发展，现在丙型肝炎在历史上第一次可以被治愈，为世界人口中消灭丙型肝炎病毒带来了希望。为了实现这一目标，需要国际社会努力促进血液检测，并在全球范围内提供抗病毒药物（图3）。
transfusion
表示“输血；输血量”，英文解释为“the process of adding an amount of blood to the body of a person or animal, or the amount of blood itself”。
eradicate
eradicate /ɪˈrædɪˌkeɪt/ 表示“根除；消灭；杜绝”，英文解释为“to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad”举个🌰：
The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
这种曾夺去数百万人生命的疾病现在已被根除了。
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