刚刚，2021年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓

北京时间10月4日下午17:30，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院，2021年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓：戴维·朱利叶斯（David Julius）和雅顿·帕塔普蒂安（Ardem Patapoutian）共同获奖，获奖理由：发现温度和触觉感受器（for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch）。

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 was awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch."

无注释原文：

Nobel Prize honors discovery of temperature, touch receptors

AP NEWS

Two U.S.-based scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine on Monday for their discovery of the receptors that allow humans to feel temperature and touch.

David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian focused their work on the field of somatosensation, that is the ability of specialized organs such as eyes, ears and skin to see, hear and feel.

“This really unlocks one of the secrets of nature,” said Thomas Perlmann, secretary-general of the Nobel Committee, in announcing the winners. “It’s actually something that is crucial for our survival, so it’s a very important and profound discovery.”

The committee said Julius, 65, used capsaicin, the active component in chili peppers, to identify the nerve sensors that allow the skin to respond to heat.

Patapoutian found separate pressure-sensitive sensors in cells that respond to mechanical stimulation, it said.

The pair shared the prestigious Kavli Award for Neuroscience last year.

“Imagine that you’re walking barefoot across a field on this summer’s morning,” said Patrik Ernfors of the Nobel Committee. “You can feel the warmth of the sun, the coolness of the morning dew, a caressing summer breeze and the fine texture of blades of grass underneath your feet. These impressions of temperature, touch and movement are feelings relying on somatosensation.”

“Such information continuously flows from the skin and other deep tissues and connects us with the external and internal world. It is also essential for tasks that we perform effortlessly and without much thought,” said Ernfors.

Perlmann said he managed to get hold of both of the winners before the announcement.

“I (...) only had a few minutes to talk to them, but they were incredibly happy,” he said. “And as far as I could tell they were very surprised and a little bit shocked, maybe.”

Last year’s prize went to three scientists who discovered the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus, a breakthrough that led to cures for the deadly disease and tests to keep the scourge from spreading through blood banks.

The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million). The prize money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.

The prize is the first to be awarded this year. The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Nobel Prize honors discovery of temperature, touch receptors

AP NEWS

Two U.S.-based scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine on Monday for their discovery of the receptors that allow humans to feel temperature and touch.

两位来自美国的科学家因发现了使人类能够感受温度和触觉的感受器而于周一获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

physiology

physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示“生理学”，英文解释为“(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work”。

receptor

表示“感受器；受体”，英文解释为“a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways”。

David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian focused their work on the field of somatosensation, that is the ability of specialized organs such as eyes, ears and skin to see, hear and feel.

戴维·朱利叶斯（David Julius）和雅顿·帕塔普蒂安（Ardem Patapoutian）将他们的工作重点放在体感领域，即眼睛、耳朵和皮肤等器官看、听和感觉的能力。

somatosensation

表示“躯体感觉；体感”。体感，或称躯体感觉，是触觉、压觉、温觉、痛觉和本体感觉（关于肌肉和关节位置和运动、躯体姿势和运动以及面部表情的感觉）的总称。

“This really unlocks one of the secrets of nature,” said Thomas Perlmann, secretary-general of the Nobel Committee, in announcing the winners. “It's actually something that is crucial for our survival, so it's a very important and profound discovery.”

诺贝尔奖委员会秘书长托马斯·珀尔曼（Thomas Perlmann）在宣布获奖者时说：“这确实解开了自然界的秘密之一。这实际上是对我们的生存至关重要的东西，所以这是一个非常重要和深刻的发现。”

unlock

表示“发掘（潜力）；揭开（秘密）”，英文解释为“If you unlock the potential or the secrets of something or someone, you release them.”举个🌰：

A chemical has been discovered that may be the key to unlocking the mysteries of Parkinson's disease.

已发现一种化学物质，这可能是解开帕金森氏病之谜的钥匙。

secretary general

表示“秘书长”，英文解释为“The secretary general of an organization is its most important official.”

The committee said Julius, 65, used capsaicin, the active component in chili peppers, to identify the nerve sensors that allow the skin to respond to heat.

委员会表示，65岁的朱利叶斯利用辣椒中的活性成分辣椒素来确定使皮肤对热作出反应的神经传感器。

capsaicin

capsaicin /kæpˈseɪsɪn/ 表示“辣椒素，辣椒碱”，英文解释为“the substance in chillis (= small hot-tasting peppers) that gives them their hot taste”。

chili (pepper)

chili pepper / chili表示“辣椒”，英文解释为“any of several types of red pepper (= type of vegetable) that are used to make foods spicy”。

📍此外，chilli也是辣椒，一个英式（chilli）、一个是美式（chili）。

Patapoutian found separate pressure-sensitive sensors in cells that respond to mechanical stimulation, it said.

委员会表示，帕塔普蒂安在对机械刺激有反应的细胞中发现了单独的压力敏感传感器。

stimulation

表示“刺激；激励；兴奋作用”，英文解释为“an action or thing that causes someone or something to become more active or enthusiastic, or to develop or operate”。

The pair shared the prestigious Kavli Award for Neuroscience last year.

两人去年同获著名的神经科学领域科维理奖（Kavli Award）。

prestigious

prestigious /prɛˈstɪdʒəs/表示“有威望的，有声望的，有威信的”，英文解释为“A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.”举个🌰：

It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country.

它是该国设备最好、最有声望的学校之一。

“Imagine that you're walking barefoot across a field on this summer's morning,” said Patrik Ernfors of the Nobel Committee. “You can feel the warmth of the sun, the coolness of the morning dew, a caressing summer breeze and the fine texture of blades of grass underneath your feet. These impressions of temperature, touch and movement are feelings relying on somatosensation.”

诺贝尔奖委员会的帕特里克·恩福斯（Patrik Ernfors）说：“想象一下，在这个夏天的早晨，你赤脚走过一片田野。你可以感受到太阳的温暖、晨露的清凉、夏日微风的轻抚以及脚下草叶的精细纹理。这些关于温度、触觉和移动的印象是依赖于体感的感受。”

barefoot

表示“赤脚的（地）”，英文解释为“not wearing any shoes or socks”举个🌰：

We took off our shoes and socks and walked barefoot along the beach.

我们脱掉了鞋袜，赤脚走在沙滩上。

dew

dew /djuː/ 表示“露；露水”，英文解释为“Dew is small drops of water that form on the ground and other surfaces outdoors during the night.”比如：二十四节气中，白露 White Dew，寒露 Cold Dew。

caress

caress /kəˈres/ 表示“爱抚；抚摸；亲吻”，英文解释为“to touch or kiss someone in a gentle and loving way”举个🌰：

Gently he caressed her cheek.

他轻抚她的脸颊。

breeze

表示“和风，微风”，英文解释为“a light and pleasant wind”如：a warm/cool breeze 和煦/凉爽的风。

texture

texture表示“（摸上去的）质地，质感，纹理”，英文解释为“The texture of something is the way that it feels when you touch it, for example how smooth or rough it is.”如：the soft texture of velvet 天鹅绒柔软的质地。

blade

除了表示“刀身；刀片；刀刃”，此处表示“（草等的）叶片”，英文解释为“a long, narrow leaf of grass or a similar plant”如：a blade of grass 草叶。

underneath

表示“在…底下；在…下面”，英文解释为“under or below”举个🌰：

He was wearing a garish T-shirt underneath his shirt.

他在衬衫里面穿了件花哨的T恤衫。

“Such information continuously flows from the skin and other deep tissues and connects us with the external and internal world. It is also essential for tasks that we perform effortlessly and without much thought,” said Ernfors.

“这种信息不断地从皮肤和其他深层组织中产生，将我们与外部和内部世界联系起来。它对于我们不费吹灰之力、不假思索地完成的任务也是至关重要的，”恩福斯说。

Perlmann said he managed to get hold of both of the winners before the announcement.

珀尔曼说，他在宣布之前设法掌握了两位获奖者的情况。

get hold of

表示“找到（某人）；得到”，英文解释为“to find someone or obtain something”举个🌰：

Where can I get hold of some stamps?

我在哪儿能找到些邮票？

“I (...) only had a few minutes to talk to them, but they were incredibly happy,” he said. “And as far as I could tell they were very surprised and a little bit shocked, maybe.”

他说：“我（......）只有几分钟的时间与他们交谈，但他们却非常高兴。就我所知，他们非常惊讶，也许还有点震惊。”

Last year's prize went to three scientists who discovered the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus, a breakthrough that led to cures for the deadly disease and tests to keep the scourge from spreading through blood banks.

去年的奖项颁给了三位科学家，他们发现了破坏肝脏的丙型肝炎病毒，这一重大进展推动了对这种致命疾病的治疗，以及防止这一疾病通过血库传播的检测。

ravage

表示“严重毁坏，摧毁；重创”，英文解释为“to damage something very badly”举个🌰：

The country has been ravaged by civil war.

这个国家被内战摧毁了。

hepatitis

hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪtɪs/ 表示“肝炎”，英文解释为“Hepatitis is a serious disease which affects the liver.”

scourge

scourge /skɜːdʒ/ 表示“灾难，祸害；苦难的根源”，英文解释为“something or someone that causes great suffering or a lot of trouble”如：the scourge of war/poverty/drugs 战争/贫困/毒品的祸害。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述作家探讨新冠疫情将如何改变世界的文章中提到：In the teeth of a scourge on the scale of covid-19, the impulse to draw significance from suffering is again strong. 面对新冠疫情这种规模的灾难，人们从苦难中追寻意义的冲动再次被激发。

The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million). The prize money comes from a bequest left by the prize's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.

这一著名奖项包含一枚金牌和1000万瑞典克朗（超过114万美元）。奖金来自于该奖项的创建者、瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）的遗赠，他于1895年去世。

kronor

kronor /'krəunə-ɔn:/ 克朗，瑞典货币单位，krona的复数。

bequest

表示“遗赠，遗产”，英文解释为“the money or property belonging to someone that they say that, after their death, they wish to be given to other people”。

The prize is the first to be awarded this year. The other prizes are for outstanding work in the fields of physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics.

该奖是今年颁发的第一个奖项。其他奖项是针对物理学、化学、文学、和平和经济学领域的杰出工作。

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