日语韩语或都发源于中国东北

LearnAndRecord 2022-07-26

收录于合集 #跟着LR吃瓜学英语 707个

近日，一项综合了语言、基因和考古学证据的研究发现，包括现代日语、韩语、土耳其语和蒙古语等同一语系的语言以及说这些语言的人，都起源于大约9000年前生活在中国东北地区种植谷子的古代农民。

无注释原文：

Origins of Japanese and Turkish language family traced back 9000 years

NewScientist

A vast Transeurasian language family that contains the Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish and Tungusic languages has had its origins traced back 9000 years, to early farming communities in what is now north-east China.

Transeurasian languages are spoken across a wide region of Europe and northern Asia. Until now, researchers assumed that they had spread from the mountains of Mongolia 3000 years ago, spoken by horse-riding nomads who kept livestock but didn’t farm crops.

Martine Robbeets at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena and her colleagues used linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence to conclude instead that it was the onset of millet cultivation by farmers in what is now China that led to the spread of the language family.

The team did this by studying the linguistic features of the languages and using computational analysis to map their spread through space and time based on their similarities to each other. Doing so allowed Robbeets and her team to trace the proto-Transeurasian language back to the Liao river area of north-east China around 9000 years ago.

This is the exact time and place that millet is known to have been domesticated, according to archaeological evidence, says Robbeets.

By adding genetic information and carbon-dating millet grains, the team revealed that the proto-Transeurasian-speaking population split into separate communities that then started adopting early forms of Japanese, Korean and the Tungusic languages to the east of the original site, as well as early forms of Mongolic languages to the north and of Turkic languages to the west.

“We have languages, archaeology and genetics which all have dates. So we just looked to see if they correlated,” says Robbeets.

Around 6500 years ago, the descendants of some of these farmers moved eastwards into Korea, where they learned to cultivate rice around 3300 years ago, spurring the movement of people from Korea to Japan.

“We all identify ourselves with language. It’s our identity. We often picture ourselves as one culture, one language, one genetic profile. Our study shows that like all populations, those in Asia are mixed,” says Robbeets.

The researchers were also surprised to discover the first evidence that Neolithic Korean populations reproduced with Jōmon people, who were previously thought to have lived solely in Japan.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Origins of Japanese and Turkish language family traced back 9000 years

NewScientist

一个包含日语、韩语、蒙古语、土耳其语和通古斯语的庞大的泛欧亚语系的起源可追溯到9000年前，即现在的中国东北部的早期农业社区。

Transeurasian

由 Trans + eurasian 构成，trans-本身表示“横穿；通过；超越”，相当于“across; beyond”，如：transatlantic 横渡大西洋的。

eurasian表示“欧亚（大陆）的”，英文解释为“of or connected with Europe and Asia considered as a unit”。

据维基百科，Altaic (/ælˈteɪ.ɪk/; also called Transeurasian) is a sprachbund (i.e. a linguistic area) and proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages. Speakers of these languages are currently scattered over most of Asia north of 35 °N and in some eastern parts of Europe, extending in longitude from Turkey to Japan.

阿尔泰语系（Altaic languages），别译阿勒泰语系，是一个按照语言系属分类方法所划分的一组假说性语系，主要将突厥语族、蒙古语族和通古斯语族划为一个语系，有时朝鲜语、琉球语、日语与阿伊努语也会被归类在其中。这个语系主要分布在北纬35度以北的亚洲以及东欧地区，活动区域大致在日本至土耳其之间，包括60多种语言。

这个语系的名称来自中亚的阿尔泰山脉。现今多数比较语言学家认为这个假说并不成立，但这个假说仍有少数学者支持。因此是否存在这个语系，学术界直到现在都存在争议。

Tungusic

Tungusic /tʊŋˈɡʊsɪk/ 表示“通古斯满语族；阿尔泰语的亚科分支，包括通古斯语和满族语”，英文解释为“a branch or subfamily of the Altaic family of languages, including Tungus and Manchu”。

泛欧亚语言被使用于欧洲和亚洲北部的广大地区。直到现在，研究人员还认为它们是在3000年前从蒙古山区传播开来的，由骑马的游牧民族使用，他们饲养牲畜但不耕种庄稼。

nomad

表示“游牧部落中的一员”，英文解释为“a member of a group of people who move from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time”。

Martine Robbeets at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena and her colleagues used linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence to conclude instead that it was the onset of millet cultivation by farmers in what is now China that led to the spread of the language family.

而耶拿（Jena）马克斯普朗克人类历史科学研究所的玛蒂娜-罗伯茨（Martine Robbeets）和她的同事使用语言学、考古学和遗传学证据得出结论，是位于现在的中国的农民当时开始种植谷子，导致了该语系的传播。

句子解析

主语：Martine Robbeets and her colleagues

谓语：used

宾语：linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence to conclude that [从句]

📍实际上[从句]为一个强调句，并嵌套了一个宾语从句。

📍强调句：It was the onset of millet cultivation that led to the spread of the language family 正是种植谷子的开始，导致了该语系的传播。

📍谷子谁种植？在哪里？...millet cutivation by farmers in what is now China，介词 in 后跟了宾语从句in [what is now China], 在如今上中国的地方（种植谷子）。

linguistic

表示“语言的；语言学的”，英文解释为“connected with language or the scientific study of language”，如：linguistic and cultural barriers 语言和文化上的障碍。

archaeological

archaeological /,ɑ:kiə'lɔdʒikəl / 表示“考古学的；和考古有关的”，英文解释为“involving or relating to archaeology”如：an archaeological dig/excavation 考古发掘。

conclude

表示“断定；决定；推断出；作出（结论）”，英文解释为“to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it”举个🌰：

The discussions continued late into the night, but nothing was concluded.

一直谈到深夜，可是没有作出任何决定。

onset

表示“开端，发生，肇始（尤指不快的事件）”，英文解释为“the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant.”常用：the onset of sth 就是（不愉快事情）.的开始，如：the onset of winter 冬季的开始，the onset of the disease 疾病开始发作。

🎬电影《传染病》（Contagion）中的台词提到：I've been taking it since the onset of the symptoms. 症状一开始我就在服用它。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析拜登即将面临的经济挑战的文章中提到：So far there is little sign of the economic scarring that was feared at the onset of the crisis. 到目前为止，没什么迹象显示会出现疫情之初人们所担心的那种经济创伤。

millet

millet /ˈmɪlɪt/ 表示“黍，稷；小米，粟”，英文解释为“a plant that is similar to grass, or the small seeds from this plant that can be eaten”。

cultivation

表示“耕种；种植；栽培”，英文解释为“the preparation and use of land for growing plants or crops”如：rice/wheat, etc. cultivation 水稻、小麦等的种植。

The team did this by studying the linguistic features of the languages and using computational analysis to map their spread through space and time based on their similarities to each other. Doing so allowed Robbeets and her team to trace the proto-Transeurasian language back to the Liao river area of north-east China around 9000 years ago.

该研究团队通过研究这些语言的语言学特征，并根据它们之间的相似性，利用计算分析绘制它们在空间和时间上的传播图。这样做使罗伯茨和她的团队能够追溯到大约9000年前中国东北的辽河地区的原始-泛欧亚语言。

similarity

表示“类似；相似”，英文解释为“the fact that people or things look or are the same”举个🌰：

I can see the similarity between you and your mother.

我能看出你和你母亲的相似之处。

proto-

表示“第一，首要；原始”，英文解释为“first, especially from which other similar things develop; original”如：a prototype 原型。

This is the exact time and place that millet is known to have been domesticated, according to archaeological evidence, says Robbeets.

罗伯茨说，根据考古学证据，这正是已知的谷子被人工培育的时间和地点。

domesticate

表示“驯化，驯养；人工培植”，英文解释为“to bring animals or plants under human control in order to provide food, power, or company”举个🌰：

Dogs were probably the first animals to be domesticated.

狗很可能是最早被驯化的动物。

通过添加遗传信息和对谷粒进行碳测定，研究团队发现原始-泛欧亚语人口分裂成不同的社区，然后开始采用原址东部的日语、韩语和通古斯语的早期形式，以及北部的蒙古语和西部的土耳其语的早期形式。

carbon dating

表示“（计算古物年代的）碳年代测定法，碳定年法”，英文解释为“a method of calculating the age of extremely old objects by measuring the amount of a particular type of carbon in them”。

grain

表示“（尤指像稻谷、小麦等像草一样的植物的）谷粒，颖果，谷（物）”，英文解释为“a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat”如：grains of wheat/rice 麦/米粒。

“We have languages, archaeology and genetics which all have dates. So we just looked to see if they correlated,” says Robbeets.

“我们有语言学、考古学和遗传学，它们都有日期。所以我们只是看看它们是否有关联，”罗伯茨说。

大约6500年前，其中一些农民的后代向东进入韩国，在那里他们在3300年前学会了种植水稻，促进了人们从韩国到日本的迁移。

descendant

descendant /dɪˈsɛndənt/ 表示“后裔；后代；子孙”，英文解释为“a person's descendants are their children, their children's children, and all the people who live after them who are related to them”举个🌰：

Many of them are descendants of the original settlers.

他们中许多人都是早期移民的后裔。

spur

spur表示“鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：

It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.

是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。

🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。

“我们都用语言来认同自己。它是我们的身份。我们经常把自己想象成一种文化、一种语言、一种基因特征。我们的研究表明，像所有的人口一样，亚洲的人口是混合的，”罗伯茨说。

The researchers were also surprised to discover the first evidence that Neolithic Korean populations reproduced with Jōmon people, who were previously thought to have lived solely in Japan.

研究人员还惊讶地发现了首个新石器时代韩国人与绳文人繁衍的证据，绳文人以前被认为只生活在日本。

Neolithic

Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ 表示“新石器时代的”，英文解释为“relating to the period when humans used tools and weapons made of stone and had just developed farming”。

Jōmon

绳纹时代（Jōmon period，日语：繩文時代）指日本旧石器时代末期至新石器时代，这一时期以绳纹陶器的逐步使用为主要特征。关于绳纹时代的开始时间，学术界有不同的观点，有一万六千年前、一万三千年前、一万年前、五千年前等多种说法。

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