美国卫星两次接近中国空间站
近日，据2021年12月3日中国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团致秘书长的普通照会（文号：A/AC.105/1262），今年7月和10月间，美国星链卫星先后两次接近中国空间站，后者被迫实施机动紧急避碰。
无注释原文：
Information furnished in conformity with the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
Note verbale dated 3 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General
The Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations (Vienna) presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to article V of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1 (the Outer Space Treaty), which provides that “States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Treaty or the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, which could constitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts ”. In accordance with the above-mentioned article, China hereby informs the Secretary-General of the following phenomena which constituted dangers to the life or health of astronauts aboard the China Space Station.
The China Manned Space Programme completed five launch missions in 2021, with the successful launching into orbit of the Tianhe core module of the China Space Station, the Tianzhou-II and Tianzhou-III cargo spacecraft and the Shenzhou-XII and Shenzhou-XIII crewed spacecraft. The China Space Station has travelled stably in a near-circular orbit at an altitude of around 390 km on an orbital inclination of about 41.5 degrees.
During this period, Starlink satellites launched by Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) of the United States of America have had two close encounters with the China Space Station. For safety reasons, the China Space Station implemented preventive collision avoidance control on 1 July and 21 October 2021, respectively.
1. The first collision avoidance
As from 19 April 2020, the Starlink-1095 satellite had been travelling stably in orbit at an average altitude of around 555 km. Between 16 May and 24 June 2021, the Starlink-1095 satellite manoeuvred continuously to an orbit of around 382 km, and then stayed in that orbit. A close encounter occurred between the Starlink-1095 satellite and the China Space Station on 1 July 2021. For safety reasons, the China Space Station took the initiative to conduct an evasive manoeuvre in the evening of that day to avoid a potential collision between the two spacecraft.
2. The second collision avoidance
On 21 October 2021, the Starlink-2305 satellite had a subsequent close encounter with the China Space Station. As the satellite was continuously manoeuvring, the manoeuvre strategy was unknown and orbital errors were hard to be assessed, there was thus a collision risk between the Starlink-2305 satellite and the China Space Station. To ensure the safety and lives of in-orbit astronauts, the China Space Station performed an evasive manoeuvre again on the same day to avoid a potential collision between the two spacecraft.
In view of the foregoing, China wishes to request the Secretary-General of the United Nations to circulate the above-mentioned information to all States parties to the Outer Space Treaty and bring to their attention that, in accordance with article VI of the Treaty, “States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty.”
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注：中文文本为官方译文，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Information furnished in conformity with the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
2021 年 12 月 3 日中国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团致秘书长的普通照会
Note verbale dated 3 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General
furnish
1）表示“装潢；布置（房间、建筑物）”，英文解释为“If you furnish a room or building, you put furniture and furnishings into it.”举个🌰：
The room was furnished with antiques.
房间里摆放了古董。
2）表示“提供”，英文解释为“If you furnish someone with something, you provide or supply it.”举个🌰：
They'll be able to furnish you with the rest of the details.
他们将能够给你提供其余的细节。
conformity
表示“（对社会规则的）遵从，遵守；从众”，英文解释为“behaviour that follows the usual standards that are expected by a group or society”举个🌰：
It's depressing how much conformity there is in such young children.
这么小的孩子就唯唯诺诺，真是令人沮丧。
treaty
表示“条约；协定”，英文解释为“a written agreement between two or more countries, formally approved and signed by their leaders”如：a peace treaty 和平条约。
celestial
表示“天的，天空的；天外的 ”，英文解释为“of or from the sky or outside this world”举个🌰：
The moon is a celestial body.
月亮是天体中的一员。
中华人民共和国常驻维也纳联合国和其他国际组织代表团向联合国秘书长致意，并谨提及 1967 年《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》1（“《外空条约》”）。《外空条约》第 5 条规定，“各缔约国应把其在外层空间（包括月球和其他天体）所发现的能对宇宙航行员的生命或健康构成危险的任何现象，立即通知给其他缔约国或联合国秘书长。”据此，谨向联合国秘书长通报以下对中国空间站搭载的航天员生命健康构成危险的现象：
The Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations (Vienna) presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to article V of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1 (the Outer Space Treaty), which provides that “States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Treaty or the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, which could constitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts”. In accordance with the above-mentioned article, China hereby informs the Secretary-General of the following phenomena which constituted dangers to the life or health of astronauts aboard the China Space Station.
compliment
可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“赞美；称赞；钦佩；致敬；致意”，英文解释为“to tell sb that you like or admire sth they have done, their appearance, etc.”举个🌰：
She complimented him on his excellent German.
她夸奖他德语棒极了。
constitute
除了表示“组成”，等同于make up，此处意思是“构成，被视为，被算作”，英文解释为“If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.”，如：constitute a professional and legal offence 构成职业和法律犯罪；举个🌰：
Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。
🎬电影《空中危机》（Flightplan）中的台词提到：A teddy bear does not constitute an inaccurate passenger manifest. 有一只泰迪熊并不代表 乘客名单出了错。
🎬电影《从足球流氓到黑帮崛起3》（Rise of the Footsoldier 3）中的台词提到：High on drink and pills does not constitute as a defense. 醉药 醉酒 不能作为辩护证据。
hereby
用于正式文体当中，常见于法律文本。
hereby表示“特此，兹；以此”，英文解释为“as a result of this statement – used in official situations”；
补充：
📍hereafter表示“在下文中，此后”，英文解释为“in a later part of an official or legal document law”，如：LearnAndRecord (hereafter LR) ，以下简称LR，举个🌰：
I hereby agree to the conditions of this contract.
我同意此合同的条款，特此声明。
📍therein，表示“在那里，在其中（指提及的地点、物体、文件等）”，英文解释为“in the place, object, document, etc. mentioned”。
2021 年，中国载人航天工程实施了 5 次发射任务，成功将空间站天和核心舱、天舟二号和天舟三号货运飞船、神舟十二号和神舟十三号载人飞船发射入轨。中国空间站组合体稳定运行在高度 390 千米附近的近圆轨道，轨道倾角约41.5°。
The China Manned Space Programme completed five launch missions in 2021, with the successful launching into orbit of the Tianhe core module of the China Space Station, the Tianzhou-II and Tianzhou-III cargo spacecraft and the Shenzhou-XII and Shenzhou-XIII crewed spacecraft. The China Space Station has travelled stably in a near-circular orbit at an altitude of around 390 km on an orbital inclination of about 41.5 degrees.
orbit
1）表示“（天体等运行的）轨道”，英文解释为“a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc.”
2）表示“（人、组织等的）影响范围，势力范围”，英文解释为“an area that a particular person, organization, etc. deals with or is able to influence”如：to come/fall/be within sb's orbit 进入/落入/属于某人的势力范围。
module
module /ˈmɒdjuːl/ 表示“（航天器独立的）舱”，英文解释为“a part of a spacecraft that can operate independently of the other parts, especially when separate from them”。
cargo
表示“（轮船、飞机等大型交通工具装载的）货物”，英文解释为“the goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or other large vehicle”如：a cargo ship/plane 货船/货运飞机。
inclination
表示“倾角，斜角”，英文解释为“the angle at which something slopes”。
在此期间，美国太空探索技术公司（SpaceX）发射的星链（starlink）卫星先后两次接近中国空间站。出于安全考虑，空间站组合体分别于 7 月 1 日和 10 月 21 日实施对美国星链卫星的预防性碰撞规避控制（“紧急避碰”），具体情况如下：
During this period, Starlink satellites launched by Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) of the United States of America have had two close encounters with the China Space Station. For safety reasons, the China Space Station implemented preventive collision avoidance control on 1 July and 21 October 2021, respectively.
collision
表示“碰撞，互撞”，英文解释为“an accident that happens when two vehicles hit each other with force”举个🌰：
There has been a collision on the southbound stretch of the motorway.
在高速公路南向路段上发生了一起撞车事故。
1. 第一次紧急避碰
1. The first collision avoidance
星链-1095 卫星自 2020 年 4 月 19 日起稳定运行在平均高度约 555 千米的轨道上。2021 年 5 月 16 日至 6 月 24 日，该卫星持续降轨机动至平均轨道高度 382 千米后，保持在该轨道高度运行。7 月 1 日，该卫星与中国空间站间出现近距离接近事件。出于安全考虑，中国空间站于 7 月 1 日晚主动采取紧急避碰，规避了两目标碰撞风险。
As from 19 April 2020, the Starlink-1095 satellite had been travelling stably in orbit at an average altitude of around 555 km. Between 16 May and 24 June 2021, the Starlink-1095 satellite manoeuvred continuously to an orbit of around 382 km, and then stayed in that orbit. A close encounter occurred between the Starlink-1095 satellite and the China Space Station on 1 July 2021. For safety reasons, the China Space Station took the initiative to conduct an evasive manoeuvre in the evening of that day to avoid a potential collision between the two spacecraft.
maneuver
英式 manoeuvre /məˈnuːvə/ 美式 maneuver /məˈnuːvə/，此处作动词，表示“（使谨慎或熟练地）移动，运动；转动”，英文解释为“to move or turn skilfully or carefully; to move or turn sth skilfully or carefully”举个🌰：
There was very little room to maneuver.
几乎没有什么活动空间。
take the initiative
表示“积极主动，带头”，英文解释为“To be the first one to do something, esp. to solve a problem; If you take the initiative in a situation, you are the first person to act, and are therefore able to control the situation.”
evasive
表示“规避的”，英文解释为“done to avoid something bad happening”举个🌰：
Drivers had to make sudden evasive manoeuvres.
驾驶员必须做出突然的闪避动作。
2. 第二次紧急避碰
2. The second collision avoidance
2021 年 10 月 21 日，星链-2305 卫星与中国空间站发生近距离接近事件。鉴于该卫星处于连续轨道机动状态，机动策略未知且无法评估轨道误差，存在与空间站碰撞风险。为确保在轨航天员安全，中国空间站于当日再次实施紧急避碰，规避了两目标碰撞风险。
On 21 October 2021, the Starlink-2305 satellite had a subsequent close encounter with the China Space Station. As the satellite was continuously manoeuvring, the manoeuvre strategy was unknown and orbital errors were hard to be assessed, there was thus a collision risk between the Starlink-2305 satellite and the China Space Station. To ensure the safety and lives of in-orbit astronauts, the China Space Station performed an evasive manoeuvre again on the same day to avoid a potential collision between the two spacecraft.
subsequent
表示“随后的；后来的；之后的；接后的”，英文解释为“happening or coming after sth else”举个🌰：
Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.
后来发生的事证实了我们的怀疑。
中方请联合国秘书长将上述情况周知《外空条约》各缔约国，并提请各缔约国注意，根据《外空条约》第 6 条，“各缔约国对其（不论是政府部门，还是非政府的团体组织）在外层空间（包括月球和其他天体）所从事的活动，要承担国际责任，并应负责保证本国活动的实施符合本条约的规定。”
In view of the foregoing, China wishes to request the Secretary-General of the United Nations to circulate the above-mentioned information to all States parties to the Outer Space Treaty and bring to their attention that, in accordance with article VI of the Treaty, “States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty.”
foregoing
表示“前面（提到）的事”，英文解释为“You can refer to what has just been stated or mentioned as the foregoing.”举个🌰：
You might think from the foregoing that the French want to phase accents out. Not at all.
你或许从之前提及之事中料到了法国人想要逐步淘汰重音。绝对不是这样的。
The foregoing paragraphs were written in 2021.
前面提到的段落于2021年写成。
circulate
circulate有“（使）循环；（使）流通；（使）传递；（使）散布”的含义（if a story, an idea, information, etc. circulates or if you circulate it, it spreads or it is passed from one person to another），举个🌰：
Rumours began to circulate about his financial problems.
有关他财务困难的谣言开始流传开来。
🎬电影《拉瑞·克劳》（Larry Crowne）中的台词提到：If gossip of this nature were to circulate, 如果这种性质的八卦流传开来，
provision
作名词，此处表示“（法律文件的）规定，条款”，英文解释为“a condition or an arrangement in a legal document”举个🌰：
Under the provisions of the lease, the tenant is responsible for repairs.
按契约规定，房客负责房屋维修。
set forth
表示“阐明; 陈述”，英文解释为“to state, express, or utter”，用于正式文体中。它有一个近义表达：set out，同样表示“详述；阐明”，如：
Your contract will set out the terms and conditions of your employment.
你的合同会详细说明聘用的期限和条件。
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