研究发现喝无糖碳酸饮料更易发胖
一项研究通过长期随诊发现：同样喝碳酸饮料，喝无糖胖的人更多，得糖尿病的人更多。医生分析，0卡0糖饮品比普通饮品更健康安全，我们觉得无糖会多来两罐，但0卡0糖饮品中含有刺激食欲的成分，反而会使我们想吃东西，增加了肥胖、患糖尿病等风险，水依旧是最健康的饮品。（@央视频）
前几天，法国一项大规模研究显示，食用人工甜味剂的人可能增加患上癌症的风险。
是真的吗？我们来看看相关报道。
无注释原文：
Consuming artificial sweeteners linked to cancer risk: study
AFP
Consuming artificial sweetener could increase the risk of developing cancer, a large-scale study suggested Thursday, but experts not involved in the research said it was not enough proof to consider changing current health advice.
Sweeteners are consumed by millions every day in products like diet soda, partly as a way to avoid weight gain from sugar -- but how healthy these substitutes are themselves has long been a matter of controversy.
To assess the cancer risk of sweeteners, researchers analysed the data of more than 100,000 people in France who self-reported their diet, lifestyle and medical history in intervals between 2009-2021 as part of the NutriNet-Sante study.
They then compared consumption to the rate of cancer, while adjusting for other variables such as smoking, poor diet, age and physical activity.
The participants who consumed the largest amount of sweeteners, "beyond the median amount, had an increased cancer risk of 13 percent compared to non-consumers," Mathilde Touvier, research director at France's INSERM institute and the study's supervisor, told AFP.
The study, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, said that a higher cancer risk was particularly seen with sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame potassium -- both used in many soft drinks including Coke Zero.
Out of the 103,000 participants, 79 percent were women and 37 percent consumed artificial sweeteners.
Soft drinks accounted for more than half of the artificial sweeteners consumed, while table-top sweeteners represented 29 percent.
The study found that "higher risks were observed for breast cancer and obesity-related cancers".
Touvier said "we cannot totally exclude biases linked to the lifestyle of consumers", calling for further research to confirm the study's results.
The US National Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK both say that sweeteners do not cause cancer, and they have been authorised for use by the European Food Safety Authority.
"The relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer risk is a controversial one, going back to the 1970s when (sweetener) cyclamate was banned for being linked to bladder cancer in rats -- although this was never shown to be the case in humans," said James Brown, a biomedical scientist at Britain's Aston University.
Brown, who was not involved in the study, told AFP that it was "reasonably well-designed" and had an "impressive" sample size.
But he added he did not "believe the current study provides strong enough evidence" for Britain's National Health Service to "change its advice just yet".
Michael Jones of The Institute of Cancer Research, London said that the link reported in the study "does not imply causation" and was "not proof that artificial sweeteners cause cancer".
He said the findings could suggest that "cancer risk may be raised in the type of person who uses artificial sweetener rather than the sweetener itself."
Thursday's findings also do not mean consumers should rush back to sugary drinks -- a 2019 NutriNet-Sante study found that they were also linked to a higher risk of several cancer types.
Brown said that not all sweeteners were equal, with some such as stevia showing health benefits.
Artificial sweeteners are "still likely a useful tool that can help reduce weight gain when replacing sugar -- if the right sweetener is used," he said.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Consuming artificial sweeteners linked to cancer risk: study
AFP
Consuming artificial sweetener could increase the risk of developing cancer, a large-scale study suggested Thursday, but experts not involved in the research said it was not enough proof to consider changing current health advice.
周四，一项大规模的研究表明，食用人工甜味剂可能会增加患癌症的风险，但没有参与研究的专家表示，这还不足以证明要考虑改变目前的健康建议。
artificial
表示“人造的，人工的；仿造的”，英文解释为“made by people, often as a copy of something natural”如：clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维面料的服装。
sweetener
表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”
Sweeteners are consumed by millions every day in products like diet soda, partly as a way to avoid weight gain from sugar -- but how healthy these substitutes are themselves has long been a matter of controversy.
每天有数百万人从无糖汽水等食品中摄入甜味剂，部分原因是为了避免因糖而增加体重--但这些替代品本身有多健康长期以来一直是一个有争议的问题。
substitute
1）作名词，表示“代替者；代替物；代用品”，英文解释为“a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have”，如：a meat substitute 肉食替代品。
2）作动词，表示“用…代替，代之以”，英文解释为“to use something or someone instead of another thing or person”举个🌰：
You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.
这道菜中你可以用食用油代替黄油。
controversy
表示“争议；争论；争辩”，英文解释为“a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people”举个🌰：
There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics.
体育界对使用违禁药物争议很大。
To assess the cancer risk of sweeteners, researchers analysed the data of more than 100,000 people in France who self-reported their diet, lifestyle and medical history in intervals between 2009-2021 as part of the NutriNet-Sante study.
为了评估甜味剂的癌症风险，作为NutriNet-Sante研究的一部分，研究人员分析了法国十万多人的数据，这些人在2009-2021年期间每隔一段时间报告自己的饮食、生活方式和病史。
They then compared consumption to the rate of cancer, while adjusting for other variables such as smoking, poor diet, age and physical activity.
然后，他们比较了甜味剂摄入情况和癌症发病率，同时调整其他变量，如吸烟、不良饮食、年龄和体育活动。
variable
表示“可变情况；变量；可变因素”，英文解释为“a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied”举个🌰：
With so many variables, it is difficult to calculate the cost.
有这么多的可变因素，很难计算出成本。
补充：
📍constant作名词，表示“常数；常量”，英文解释为“a number or quantity that does not vary”。
The participants who consumed the largest amount of sweeteners, "beyond the median amount, had an increased cancer risk of 13 percent compared to non-consumers," Mathilde Touvier, research director at France's INSERM institute and the study's supervisor, told AFP.
法国INSERM研究所的研究主管和该研究的指导教师玛蒂尔德·图维耶（Mathilde Touvier）告诉法新社（AFP）记者，甜味剂摄入量最多的参与者，“超过中位数，与不摄入甜味剂的人相比，癌症风险增加了13%。”
The study, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, said that a higher cancer risk was particularly seen with sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame potassium -- both used in many soft drinks including Coke Zero.
发表在《PLOS医学》杂志上的这项研究说，甜味剂阿斯巴甜（aspartame）和安赛蜜（acesulfame potassium）的癌症风险尤其高，这两种甜味剂在包括零度可乐（Coke Zero）在内的许多软饮料中使用。
aspartame
aspartame /ˈæs.pɚ.teɪm/ 表示“天（门）冬氨酰苯丙氨酸甲酯，阿司帕坦（一种低热量人工甜味剂）；阿斯巴甜代糖（常用作减肥食品、饮料的人造甜味添加剂）”，英文解释为“a very sweet substance that contains very little energy and is used instead of sugar to make drinks and foods sweet”
soft drink
表示“（不含酒精的）软饮料；汽水”，英文解释为“a cold, usually sweet, drink that does not contain alcohol”
Out of the 103,000 participants, 79 percent were women and 37 percent consumed artificial sweeteners.
在10.3万名参与者中，79%是女性，37%食用人工甜味剂。
Soft drinks accounted for more than half of the artificial sweeteners consumed, while table-top sweeteners represented 29 percent.
所摄入的人工甜味剂中，软饮料的量占一半以上，而餐桌上食品的甜味剂占29%。
table-top
表示“桌上用的，台式的；在桌上进行的”，英文解释为“used to refer to board games, card games, and other physical games, rather than computer games”如：table-top football games 桌面足球游戏。
The study found that "higher risks were observed for breast cancer and obesity-related cancers".
该研究发现，“乳腺癌和肥胖相关癌症的风险更高”。
obesity
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/ 表示“肥胖”，英文解释为“the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health”。
Touvier said "we cannot totally exclude biases linked to the lifestyle of consumers", calling for further research to confirm the study's results.
图维耶说，“我们不能完全排除与消费者的生活方式有关的偏差”，呼吁进一步研究以确认研究结果。
exclude
1）表示“排除…；不考虑…；认为…不可能”，英文解释为“to decide that something is not true or possible”举个🌰：
We can't exclude the possibility that he is dead.
我们不能排除他已经死亡的可能性。
2）表示“阻止…进入；把…排斥在外”，英文解释为“to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity”举个🌰：
Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation.
在手术过程中，要尽可能防止细菌进入手术室。
🎬电影《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）中的台词提到：Children, I exhort you to shun her, exclude her, shut her out from this day forth. 孩子们，奉劝你们离她远点，排斥她，从今天起与她隔绝。
bias
表示“偏见；偏心；偏向；偏差”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：
Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.
雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。
The US National Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK both say that sweeteners do not cause cancer, and they have been authorised for use by the European Food Safety Authority.
美国国家癌症研究所和英国癌症研究中心都表示，甜味剂不会导致癌症，而且它们已经被欧洲食品安全局授权使用。
authorise
表示“批准，准许；授权，委托”，英文解释为“to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something”举个🌰：
I authorised my bank to pay her £3,000.
我授权我的开户银行支付她3000英镑。
"The relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer risk is a controversial one, going back to the 1970s when (sweetener) cyclamate was banned for being linked to bladder cancer in rats -- although this was never shown to be the case in humans," said James Brown, a biomedical scientist at Britain's Aston University.
英国阿斯顿大学的生物医学科学家詹姆斯·布朗（James Brown）说：“食用人工甜味剂和癌症风险之间的关系是一个有争议的问题，可以追溯到20世纪70年代，当时（甜味剂）甜蜜素（cyclamate）因与大鼠的膀胱癌有关而被禁止使用--尽管这从未在人类身上得到证实。”
cyclamate
cyclamate /ˈsaɪkləˌmeɪt, ˈsɪkləˌmeɪt/ 表示“有害的糖精；环磺酸盐”，英文解释为“salt or ester of cyclamic acid. Certain of the salts have a very sweet taste and were formerly used as food additives and sugar substitutes”
bladder
表示“膀胱”，英文解释为“an organ like a bag inside the body of a person or animal, where urine is stored before it leaves the body”如：to empty your bladder (= urinate) 撒尿。
Brown, who was not involved in the study, told AFP that it was "reasonably well-designed" and had an "impressive" sample size.
布朗没有参与这项研究，他告诉法新社，这项研究“设计得相当好”，而且其样本量“令人印象深刻”。
But he added he did not "believe the current study provides strong enough evidence" for Britain's National Health Service to "change its advice just yet".
但他补充说，他并不“认为目前的研究提供了足够有力的证据”，使英国国家卫生服务部门“暂时改变其建议"。
Michael Jones of The Institute of Cancer Research, London said that the link reported in the study "does not imply causation" and was "not proof that artificial sweeteners cause cancer".
伦敦癌症研究所的迈克尔·琼斯（Michael Jones）说，研究中指出的联系“并不意味着因果关系”，“不能证明人工甜味剂会导致癌症”。
causation
causation /kɔːˈzeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“因果过程；因果关系”，英文解释为“the process of causing something to happen or exist”
He said the findings could suggest that "cancer risk may be raised in the type of person who uses artificial sweetener rather than the sweetener itself."
他说，这些发现可能表明，“食用人工甜味剂的人的类型，而不是甜味剂本身，癌症风险可能会提高。”
Thursday's findings also do not mean consumers should rush back to sugary drinks -- a 2019 NutriNet-Sante study found that they were also linked to a higher risk of several cancer types.
周四的研究结果也不意味着消费者应该急于回归饮用含糖饮料--2019年NutriNet-Sante的一项研究发现，它们也与几种癌症类型的高风险有关。
Brown said that not all sweeteners were equal, with some such as stevia showing health benefits.
布朗说，并不是所有的甜味剂都是一样的，有些甜味剂如甜菊糖甙（stevia）有益健康。
stevia
stevia /ˈstev.i.ə/ 表示“（用作食品添加剂的）甜菊糖甙”，英文解释为“a substance used instead of sugar for making food sweeter, made from the leaves of a plant, or the plant itself”
Artificial sweeteners are "still likely a useful tool that can help reduce weight gain when replacing sugar -- if the right sweetener is used," he said.
他说，人工甜味剂“仍然可能是一种有用的方式，在替代糖的时候可以帮助减少体重增加 -- 如果摄入正确的甜味剂的话”。
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