让子弹飞一会：考研初试390分被刷 331分逆袭
近日，北京协和医学院肿瘤学研究生复试结果公布，初试成绩 390 分被刷，331 分逆袭成功，引发热议。
有网友发布谣言，称拟被北京协和医学院录取的学生为济宁医学院教务处长之子，随后济宁医学院发布声明辟谣。
还有网友称，该生考研英语成绩为47分，质疑其本科期间发表了数篇SCI论文。
在了解事情真相前，不要错怪任何一个好人。谁又能知道每个考研人过去这一年是怎么过来的呢？
借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们来学习一下这位同学发表于Frontiers in Nutrition期刊（影响因子6.576）的论文：Lycopene Aggravates Acute Gastric Injury Induced by Ethanol.
⚠️不造谣，不传谣，不信谣。
⚠️理性吃瓜，学习为重。
无注释原文：
Lycopene Aggravates Acute Gastric Injury Induced by Ethanol
Abstract
Lycopene is an important natural red pigment with strong singlet oxygen and peroxide free radical quenching ability. Ethanol directly destroys the epithelial cells of gastric mucosa, causing oxidative damage and inflammation. To evaluate the effect of lycopene on the ethanol induced gastric injury, 112 adult male Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal control, lycopene control, gastric injury control, omeprazole (20 mg/kg) positive control, and lycopene experimental groups (at doses of 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) in this study. The general and pathological evaluation, gastric secretion, as well as the levels of antioxidant and inflammatory factors were detected. In lycopene experimental groups, the amount of gastric juice were lower than that in the gastric injury control group; the levels of T-SOD, and the levels of MDA and inflammatory factors (MMP-9 and MCP-1) decreased. However, general and pathological evaluation of gastric tissues revealed that lycopene (especially at high doses) could aggravate acute gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol. Therefore, lycopene (especially at high doses) aggravates acute gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol, but this was not due to oxidative stress or inflammatory factors. In lycopene control group, the levels of MTL, T-SOD, and NO increased, but the levels of ALT and AST decreased, indicating that lycopene has a protective effect on the stomach and liver when ethanol wasn't taken. It reminds us that, when alcohol is consumed in large quantities, consumption of lycopene products should be carefully considered.
Introduction
Acute gastric injury caused by ethanol is a common clinical disease, especially in males. The integrity of the stomach is mostly maintained by pre-epithelial factors (mucus, bicarbonate, and phospholipids), epithelial factors (prostaglandins, heat shock proteins, trefoil factor family peptides, and enterotoxins), and post-epithelial factors (nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin). These defense mechanisms can protect the gastric mucosa from local damage and maintain its structural and functional integrity. Ethanol directly destroys the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier, increases the permeability of the mucosa, and damages gastric acid cells, causing gastric mucosal damage and bleeding. When the gastric mucosa is damaged, pro-inflammatory cytokines become unbalanced, and neutrophils deform and migrate to the damaged site, increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other inflammatory mediators, leading to oxidative damage. Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage. There is a variety of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in gastric cells, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which can maintain gastric homeostasis by scavenging ROS. SOD catalyzes the disproportionation of O2-into H2O2 Furthermore, CAT accelerates the decomposition of H2O2 into water and oxygen. Therefore, endogenous antioxidant enzymes play an important role in protecting the integrity of the gastric mucosa.
Lycopene is one kind of important pigment carotenoids. It is a fat-soluble linear and highly unsaturated polyolefin compound composed of 11 hydrocarbons-conjugated double bonds and 2 hydrocarbon/non-conjugated double bonds, it has anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and improving immunity functions and it protects the cardiovascular system. The ability of lycopene to quench singlet oxygen is morwe than twice that of β-carotene and 100 times that of vitamin E. Boyacioglu et al. found that lycopene had a protective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer and oxidative stress in rats. Lycopene has the strongest protective effect at an additive dose of 100 mg/kg. Jang et al. found that lycopene inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS cells increases in ROS, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution changes, double-strand DNA breaks, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), and ATM-Rad3-related DNA damage response. Therefore, it is beneficial for the treatment of gastric diseases related to DNA oxidative damage caused by Helicobacter pylori.
The effect of lycopene on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal damage has not been well studied. This study analyzed the effect of lycopene on the acute gastric injury induced by ethanol in mice through visual observation, pathological analysis, and biochemical index detection, in order to provide a reference for the use of lycopene in clinical and daily drinking.
注：考虑到篇幅及专业性，仅节选论文的摘要和引言部分进行学习。中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应，烦请医学生指正。
- ◆ -
含注释全文：
Lycopene Aggravates Acute Gastric Injury Induced by Ethanol
Abstract 摘要
Lycopene is an important natural red pigment with strong singlet oxygen and peroxide free radical quenching ability. Ethanol directly destroys the epithelial cells of gastric mucosa, causing oxidative damage and inflammation.
番茄红素（Lycopene）是一种重要的天然红色素，具有很强的单线态氧（singlet oxygen）和过氧化自由基淬灭能力。乙醇（Ethanol）直接破坏胃粘膜（gastric mucosa）上皮细胞（epithelial cells），引起氧化损伤和炎症。
aggravate
aggravate /ˈæɡrəˌveɪt/ 表示“使恶化”，英文解释为“If someone or something aggravates a situation, they make it worse.”举个🌰：
Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation.
紧张和缺少睡眠会使情况恶化。
🎬电影《卡推女王》（The Queen of Katwe）中的台词提到：Do you want to aggravate your old injury? 你想要旧伤复发吗？
acute
1）表示“严峻的”，英文解释为“You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense.”举个🌰：
There is an acute shortage of water.
水严重短缺。
2）表示“（疾病）急性的”，英文解释为“an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous”如：acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎。
gastric
gastric /ˈɡæs.trɪk/ 表示“胃的；胃部的”，英文解释为“relating to the stomach”如：gastric juices 胃液，a gastric ulcer 胃溃疡。
lycopene
lycopene /ˈlaɪ.kə.piːn/ 表示“西红柿红素（存在于西红柿或其他一些红色果实中的一种物质，对某些癌症有预防作用）”，英文解释为“a substance in tomatoes and some other red fruits that may prevent some types of cancer”
pigment
表示“色素；颜料”，英文解释为“a substance that gives something a particular colour when it is present in it or is added to it”举个🌰：
Melanin is the dark brown pigment of the hair, skin, and eyes that is present in varying amounts in every human being.
黑色素是头发、皮肤和眼睛中的黑褐色色素，每个人体内或多或少都有这种色素。
peroxide
peroxide /pəˈrɒk.saɪd/ 表示“过氧化氢，双氧水”，英文解释为“a liquid chemical used to make hair very pale in colour or to kill bacteria”举个🌰：
Peroxide is a bleach and an antiseptic.
双氧水既是漂白剂又是消毒剂。
free radical
表示“自由基，游离基”，英文解释为“a molecule that has an extra electron and therefore reacts very easily with other molecules”举个🌰：
Free radicals have been implicated in cancer and many other serious diseases.
游离基是罹患癌症和许多其他严重疾病的潜在原因之一。
quench
quench /kwentʃ/ 表示“扑灭，熄灭”，英文解释为“to use water to put out a fire”举个🌰：
The flames were quenched by heavy rain.
大雨浇灭了熊熊燃烧的大火。
📍Quenching，淬灭，源于金属学中的淬火，原意是指快速冷却，用来防止低温相变、提高金属硬度等，还可以用于制备金属玻璃。在这里，淬灭表明在荧光过程中，光子产生的数量在很短的时间内衰减或者消失。（百度百科）
ethanol
ethanol /ˈeθ.ə.nɒl/ 表示“乙醇”，英文解释为“a chemical compound that is a type of alcohol”
epithelial
epithelial /ˌep.ɪˈθiː.li.əl/ 表示“上皮的，上皮组织的”，英文解释为“relating to the epithelium (= the layer of cells that cover most surfaces of the body)”举个🌰：
Epithelial cells form tissues that make up organs such as skin and glands.
上皮细胞形成组织，组织构成器官，比如皮肤和腺体。
oxidative
表示“氧化的”，英文解释为“An oxidative chemical reaction adds oxygen to the tissues of the body.”如：oxidative damage 氧化损伤。
inflammation
表示“发炎；炎症”，英文解释为“An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.”
To evaluate the effect of lycopene on the ethanol induced gastric injury, 112 adult male Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal control, lycopene control, gastric injury control, omeprazole (20 mg/kg) positive control, and lycopene experimental groups (at doses of 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) in this study.
为了评估番茄红素对乙醇诱发的胃损伤（gastric injury）的影响，本研究将112只成年雄性昆明小鼠（Kunming mice）随机分为正常对照组、番茄红素对照组、胃损伤对照组、奥美拉唑（20mg/kg）阳性对照组和番茄红素实验组（剂量为每千克体重10、50、100、150毫克）。
induce
作动词，此处表示“ 诱发（某种身体反应）；引起，导致”，英文解释为“to cause a particular physical condition”，如：a drug-induced coma 药物引起的昏迷，举个🌰：
Patients with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.
患有进食障碍的人可使用药物催吐。
The general and pathological evaluation, gastric secretion, as well as the levels of antioxidant and inflammatory factors were detected. In lycopene experimental groups, the amount of gastric juice were lower than that in the gastric injury control group; the levels of T-SOD, and the levels of MDA and inflammatory factors (MMP-9 and MCP-1) decreased.
论文进行了一般评估和病理评估，以及胃液分泌、抗氧化物质（antioxidant）和炎症因子（inflammatory factors）水平的检测。番茄红素实验组的胃液（gastric juice）量低于胃损伤对照组；T-SOD水平、MDA和炎症因子（MMP-9和MCP-1）水平下降。
pathological
1）表示“病理学的；病理的”，英文解释为“Pathological means relating to pathology or illness.”如：pathological conditions in animals 动物的病理状况。
2）表示“（行为）无法控制的，病态的，非理智的”，英文解释为“(of a person) unable to control part of their behaviour; unreasonable”举个🌰：
I've got a pathological fear of heights.
我有恐高症。
secretion
表示“分泌；分泌液”，英文解释为“the process by which an animal or plant produces and releases a liquid, or the liquid produced”举个🌰：
The excessive secretion of gastric juices in the gut causes ulcers.
胃中胃液分泌过多会导致胃溃疡。
antioxidant
antioxidant /ˌæn.tiˈɒk.sɪ.dənt/ 表示“抗氧化剂，阻氧化剂，防老（化）剂”，英文解释为“a substance that slows down the rate at which something decays because of oxidization”
inflammatory
1）表示“发炎的；引发炎症的”，英文解释为“causing or related to swelling and pain in the body”
2）表示“使人激愤的”，英文解释为“If you accuse someone of saying or doing inflammatory things, you mean that what they say or do is likely to make people react very angrily.”如：nationalist policies that are too drastic and inflammatory. 过于激烈、煽动性强的民族主义政策。
However, general and pathological evaluation of gastric tissues revealed that lycopene (especially at high doses) could aggravate acute gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol. Therefore, lycopene (especially at high doses) aggravates acute gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol, but this was not due to oxidative stress or inflammatory factors. In lycopene control group, the levels of MTL, T-SOD, and NO increased, but the levels of ALT and AST decreased, indicating that lycopene has a protective effect on the stomach and liver when ethanol wasn't taken. It reminds us that, when alcohol is consumed in large quantities, consumption of lycopene products should be carefully considered.
然而，胃组织的一般和病理评估显示，番茄红素（尤其是高剂量的）会加重乙醇诱发的急性胃粘膜损伤（acute gastric mucosal injury）。因此，番茄红素（尤其是大剂量）会加重乙醇引起的急性胃粘膜损伤，但这并不是由于氧化应激（oxidative stress）或炎症因子（inflammatory factors）造成的。在番茄红素对照组中，MTL、T-SOD和NO的水平上升，但ALT和AST的水平下降，这表明在没有服用乙醇时，番茄红素对胃和肝有保护作用。这提醒我们，当大量饮酒时，应谨慎考虑食用番茄红素产品。
dose
1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；
2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：
He received a hefty dose of bad news this week.
本周他得到了许多坏消息。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。
mucosal
mucosal /mjuːˈkəʊ.səl/ 表示“粘膜的”，英文解释为“relating to the mucosa (= the thin skin that covers the inside surface of parts of the body such as the nose and mouth and produces mucus to protect them)”如：mucosal disease 粘膜疾病。
Introduction 引言
Acute gastric injury caused by ethanol is a common clinical disease, especially in males. The integrity of the stomach is mostly maintained by pre-epithelial factors (mucus, bicarbonate, and phospholipids), epithelial factors (prostaglandins, heat shock proteins, trefoil factor family peptides, and enterotoxins), and post-epithelial factors (nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin). These defense mechanisms can protect the gastric mucosa from local damage and maintain its structural and functional integrity.
乙醇引起的急性胃损伤是一种常见的临床疾病，特别是男性。...这些防御机制可以保护胃粘膜（gastric mucosa）免受局部损伤，并保持其结构和功能的完整性。
integrity
1）表示“完整”，英文解释为“the quality of being whole and complete”举个🌰：
A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity.
在古老建筑物上附加扩建的现代建筑会破坏建筑风格的完整统一。
2）表示“正直；诚实；职业操守”，英文解释为“the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change”举个🌰：
No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
没有人怀疑总裁是个光明磊落的人。
Ethanol directly destroys the integrity of the gastric mucosal barrier, increases the permeability of the mucosa, and damages gastric acid cells, causing gastric mucosal damage and bleeding. When the gastric mucosa is damaged, pro-inflammatory cytokines become unbalanced, and neutrophils deform and migrate to the damaged site, increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other inflammatory mediators, leading to oxidative damage.
乙醇直接破坏胃粘膜（gastric mucosal）屏障的完整性，增加粘膜的通透性，损害胃酸（gastric acid）细胞，引起胃粘膜损伤和出血。当胃粘膜受损时，促炎性细胞因子失衡，中性粒细胞（neutrophils）变形并迁移到受损部位，增加活性氧（ROS）和其他炎症介质的浓度，导致氧化损伤。
permeability
permeability /ˌpɜː.mi.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ 表示“渗透性”，英文解释为“the ability of a substance to allow gases or liquids to go through it”举个🌰：
Chalk has a high permeability (= liquids easily pass through it).
粉笔的渗透性很强。
cytokine
cytokine /ˈsaɪ.tə.kaɪn/ 表示“细胞活素，细胞因子”，英文解释为“a small protein produced by cells in the nervous and immune systems that affects what happens between cells”
deform
表示“变形”，英文解释为“If something deforms, its usual shape changes and becomes spoiled.”举个🌰：
These plastics deform at temperatures of over 90°C.
这些塑料制品在温度达到90摄氏度以上的时候就会变形。
Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage. There is a variety of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in gastric cells, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which can maintain gastric homeostasis by scavenging ROS. SOD catalyzes the disproportionation of O2- into H2O2 Furthermore, CAT accelerates the decomposition of H2O2 into water and oxygen. Therefore, endogenous antioxidant enzymes play an important role in protecting the integrity of the gastric mucosa.
注：Furthermore前，H2O2后应该是少一个句号，原文即如此。
因此，氧化应激（oxidative stress）在酒精诱发的胃粘膜损伤中起着重要作用。胃细胞中有多种内源性抗氧化酶，如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT），它们可以通过清除ROS来维持胃的平衡状态。...此外，CAT加速H2O2分解为水和氧。因此，内源性抗氧化酶在保护胃粘膜的完整性方面发挥着重要作用。
endogenous
表示“（系统、人体或思维）内生的，内源的”，英文解释为“found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person's body or mind”举个🌰：
Endogenous insulin levels decrease over time in people with type 2 diabetes.
二型糖尿病患者体内自生胰岛素水平会逐渐降低。
enzyme
enzyme /'enzaɪm ;ˋɛnzaɪm / 表示“酶”，英文解释为“a chemical substance that is produced in a plant or animal, and helps chemical changes to take place in the plant or animal”
homeostasis
homeostasis /ˌhəʊ.mi.əʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/ 表示“体内动态平衡（机体、活细胞、组织等，在其外部环境变化的情况下，保持内部不变或平衡状态的能力或趋向）”，英文解释为“the ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or group to keep the conditions inside it the same despite any changes in the conditions around it, or this state of internal balance”举个🌰：
Warm-blooded animals are able to achieve temperature homeostasis.
热血动物能够实现体温平衡。
Lycopene is one kind of important pigment carotenoids. It is a fat-soluble linear and highly unsaturated polyolefin compound composed of 11 hydrocarbons-conjugated double bonds and 2 hydrocarbon/non-conjugated double bonds, it has anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and improving immunity functions and it protects the cardiovascular system.
番茄红素是一种重要的色素类胡萝卜素（carotenoid）。它是由11个碳氢化合物-共轭双键和2个碳氢化合物/非共轭双键组成的脂溶性线性高度不饱和聚烯烃化合物，它具有抗癌、抗肥胖、提高免疫力的功能，对心血管系统有保护作用。
soluble
表示“可溶的，易于溶解的”，英文解释为“able to be dissolved to form a solution”如：soluble aspirins 可溶阿司匹林。
unsaturated
表示“（碳氢键）不饱和的”，英文解释为“used to describe a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms do not join as many hydrogen atoms as possible”
compound
表示“化合物”，英文解释为“a substance formed by a chemical reaction of two or more elements in fixed amounts relative to each other”举个🌰：
Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.
普通食盐是钠和氯的化合物。
obesity
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/ 表示“肥胖”，英文解释为“the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health”。
immunity
表示“免疫；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“a situation in which you are protected against disease or from legal action”举个🌰：
The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months.
注射这种疫苗会使你对这种疾病有长达6个月的免疫力。
cardiovascular
cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə/ 表示“心血管的”，英文解释为“Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels.”举个🌰：
Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。
The ability of lycopene to quench singlet oxygen is more than twice that of β-carotene and 100 times that of vitamin E. Boyacioglu et al. found that lycopene had a protective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer and oxidative stress in rats. Lycopene has the strongest protective effect at an additive dose of 100 mg/kg. Jang et al. found that lycopene inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS cells increases in ROS, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution changes, double-strand DNA breaks, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), and ATM-Rad3-related DNA damage response. Therefore, it is beneficial for the treatment of gastric diseases related to DNA oxidative damage caused by Helicobacter pylori.
番茄红素淬灭单线态氧的能力是β-胡萝卜素的两倍以上，是维生素E的100倍。Boyacioglu等人发现番茄红素对吲哚美辛（indomethacin）引起的大鼠胃溃疡（gastric ulcer）和氧化应激（oxidative stress）有保护作用。番茄红素在100mg/kg的添加剂量下具有最强的保护作用。Jang等人发现番茄红素能抑制幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori）诱发的人胃腺癌细胞系（AGS）中ROS、细胞凋亡（apoptosis）、细胞周期分布变化、DNA双链断裂、共济失调突变（ATM）和ATM-Rad3相关的DNA损伤应答的增加。因此，它有利于治疗与幽门螺旋杆菌（Helicobacter pylori）引起的DNA氧化损伤有关的胃病。
et al.
表示“以及其他人；等人；等等（et alia的缩写）”，英文解释为“abbreviation for et alia: and others. It is used in formal writing to avoid a long list of names of people who have written something together.”举个🌰：
The method is described in an article by LR et al.
该方法在LR等人的一篇文章中有所介绍。
inhibit
表示“阻止；阻碍；抑制”，英文解释为“to prevent sth from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than normal”举个🌰：
A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.
缺氧可能阻碍胎儿的大脑发育。
The effect of lycopene on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal damage has not been well studied. This study analyzed the effect of lycopene on the acute gastric injury induced by ethanol in mice through visual observation, pathological analysis, and biochemical index detection, in order to provide a reference for the use of lycopene in clinical and daily drinking.
番茄红素对乙醇引起的急性胃粘膜损伤的影响还没有很好的研究。本研究通过肉眼观察、病理分析、生化指标检测，分析了番茄红素对乙醇诱发的小鼠急性胃损伤的影响，以期为番茄红素在临床应用和日常饮用中提供参考。
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每天持续行动学外语