刚刚，2022年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓

北京时间10月4日下午17:45，2022年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓：法国物理学家阿兰·阿斯佩（Alain Aspect）、美国理论和实验物理学家约翰·克劳泽（John Clauser）、奥地利量子论物理学家安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）获奖，以表彰他们在量子信息科学研究方面作出的贡献。

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science."

据了解，三人于2010年同获沃尔夫物理学奖。沃尔夫物理学奖被认为是诺贝尔物理学奖以外，物理学界最重要的奖项之一。

无注释原文：

Nobel Prize in Physics Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work in Quantum Technology

From: The New York Times

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger on Tuesday for work that has “laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology,” the Nobel Committee for Physics said.

The scientists have each conducted “groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, where two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated,” the committee said in a briefing. Their results, it said, cleared the way for “new technology based upon quantum information.”

The laureates’ research builds on the work of John Stewart Bell, a physicist who strove to address the question of whether particles, having flown too far apart for there to be normal communication between them, can still function in concert.

Eva Olsson, a member of the Nobel Committee for Physics, noted that quantum information science had broad implications in areas like secure information transfer and quantum computing.

Quantum information science is a “vibrant and rapidly developing field,” she said. “Its predictions have opened doors to another world, and it has also shaken the very foundation of how we interpret measurements.”

The Nobel committee said the three scientists were being honored for their experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.

“Being able to manipulate and manage quantum states and all their layers of properties gives us access to tools with unexpected potential,” the committee said in a statement on Twitter.

Dr. Zeilinger described the award as “an encouragement to young people.”

“The prize would not be possible without more than 100 young people who worked with me over the years and made all this possible,” he said of the work that the award recognized. “My advice would be: Do what you find interesting, and don’t care too much about possible applications.”

It was the second of several such prizes to be awarded over the coming week. The Nobels, among the highest honors in science, recognize groundbreaking contributions in a variety of fields.

“I’m still kind of shocked, but it’s a very positive shock,” Dr. Zeilinger said of receiving the phone call informing him of the news.

When will the other Nobel Prizes be announced?

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded on Wednesday by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. Last year, Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan won for their development of a new tool that spurred research into new drugs and reduced the chemistry’s effect on the environment.

The Nobel Prize in Literature will be awarded on Thursday by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. Last year, Abdulrazak Gurnah won for “his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents.”

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Nobel Prize in Physics Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work in Quantum Technology

From: The New York Times

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger on Tuesday for work that has “laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology,” the Nobel Committee for Physics said.

诺贝尔物理学委员会周二将诺贝尔物理学奖授予阿兰·阿斯佩（Alain Aspect）、约翰·克劳泽（John Clauser）、安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger），以表彰他们“为量子技术的新时代奠定了基础”的工作。

quantum

quantum /ˈkwɒn.təm/ 表示“量子”，英文解释为“the smallest amount or unit of something, especially energy”如：quantum theory 量子理论。

The scientists have each conducted “groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, where two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated,” the committee said in a briefing. Their results, it said, cleared the way for “new technology based upon quantum information.”

科学家们各自进行了“利用量子纠缠态的开创性实验，其中，两个粒子即使分离也表现得像一个整体，”该委员会在简报会上说。他们的成果为“基于量子信息的新技术”开辟了道路。

groundbreaking

表示“开辟新天地的，独创的，开拓性的，里程碑性的”，英文解释为“You use groundbreaking to describe things which you think are significant because they provide new and positive ideas, and influence the way people think about things.” 如：groundbreaking research 开拓性的研究。

类似的：

📍pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“先驱性的，开创性的”，英文解释为“using ideas and methods that have never been used before”如：pioneering techniques 创新技术。

📍seminal 表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。

entangle

entangle /ɪnˈtæŋ.ɡəl/ 表示“（用网、绳等）缠住，套住”，英文解释为“to cause something to become caught in something such as a net or ropes”举个🌰：

The dolphin had become entangled in/with the fishing nets.

海豚被渔网缠住了。

🎬电影《群尸玩过界》（Braindead）中的台词提到：But we are romantically entangled. 但我们应该是浪漫缠绵的一对。

particle

particle /ˈpɑː.tɪ.kəl/ 表示“微粒，粒子”，英文解释为“an extremely small piece of matter”举个🌰：

Electrons are atomic particles.

电子是原子粒子。

clear the way

表示“扫清道路；做好准备”，英文解释为“to make it possible for something to happen”举个🌰：

We've got a loan from the bank, which has cleared the way for us to buy a house.

我们从银行贷到了款，这样就能买房子了。

The laureates’ research builds on the work of John Stewart Bell, a physicist who strove to address the question of whether particles, having flown too far apart for there to be normal communication between them, can still function in concert.

获奖者的研究建立在约翰·斯图尔特·贝尔（John Stewart Bell）工作的基础上，贝尔是一名物理学家，力求解决相距太远而无法正常通信的粒子之间是否仍能协同工作的问题。

laureate

laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”，如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。

strive

strive /straɪv/ 表示“（尤指长期或不畏艰难地）努力，奋斗，力争”，英文解释为“to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties”举个🌰：

In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.

她在写作中力图在创新和传统散文形式之间求得平衡。

🎬电影《血色将至》（There Will Be Blood）中的台词提到：These children are the future that we strive for, and so they should have the very best of things. 孩子就是我们为之奋斗的未来 他们理当拥有最好的东西。

address

作动词，熟词僻义，1）表示“对…讲话，对…发表演说，致词；给…写信，致函”，英文解释为“to speak or write to someone”举个🌰：

I was surprised when he addressed me in English.

他用英语跟我说话，我很诧异。

2）表示“对付，应付；处理”，英文解释为“to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem”举个🌰：

The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.

资金问题尚未得到解决。

in concert

表示“共同，一起；一致”，英文解释为“together”举个🌰：

If the member countries would act in concert, the problem might be solved more easily.

如果成员国行动一致，这个问题可能会更容易解决。

📍concert本身表示「音乐会」，in conert还可以指“（一同）演出”，英文解释为“playing or singing with other musicians in a public performance”举个🌰：

She was appearing in concert at Carnegie Hall.

她参加了在卡耐基音乐厅的演出。

Eva Olsson, a member of the Nobel Committee for Physics, noted that quantum information science had broad implications in areas like secure information transfer and quantum computing.

诺贝尔物理学委员会成员伊娃·奥尔森（Eva Olsson）指出，量子信息科学在安全信息传输和量子计算等领域有着广泛的影响。

implication

1）表示“可能的影响（或作用、结果）”，英文解释为“a possible effect or result of an action or a decision”举个🌰：

The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.

这个地点的开发将会影响周围的乡村。

2）表示“含意；暗指，暗示”，英文解释为“an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly”举个🌰：

From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.

她的话中暗示他们将要分手。

Quantum information science is a “vibrant and rapidly developing field,” she said. “Its predictions have opened doors to another world, and it has also shaken the very foundation of how we interpret measurements.”

量子信息科学是一个“充满活力和快速发展的领域，”她说。“它的预测打开了通往另一个世界的大门，也动摇了我们解释测量的基础。”

vibrant

1）表示“活跃的；精力充沛的；热情洋溢的”，英文解释为“energetic, exciting, and full of enthusiasm”如：a vibrant young performer 充满朝气的年轻演员。

2）表示“（色彩）鲜艳的；（光线）明亮的”，英文解释为“Vibrant colour or light is bright and strong.”举个🌰：

He always uses vibrant colours in his paintings.

他在画中经常运用鲜艳的色彩。

interpret

1）表示“诠释；说明”，英文解释为“to explain the meaning of sth”举个🌰：

The students were asked to interpret the poem.

学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。

2）表示“把…理解为；领会”，英文解释为“to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way ”举个🌰：

The data can be interpreted in many different ways.

这份资料可以从多方面解读。

3）表示“演绎（按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色）”，英文解释为“to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning”举个🌰：

He interpreted the role with a lot of humour.

他把这个角色演得十分幽默。

4）表示“翻译，口译”（to change what someone is saying into another language）。

The Nobel committee said the three scientists were being honored for their experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.

诺贝尔委员会表示，这三位科学家因其对纠缠光子进行实验，验证违反贝尔不等式和开创量子信息科学而获得荣誉。

photon

photon /ˈfəʊ.tɒn/ 表示“光子，光量子”，英文解释为“a single unit of light”

establish

除了表示“建立；设立；创立”，establish 还可以 1）表示“使得到承认；使被接受”，英文解释为“to cause something or someone to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc.”举个🌰：

He's established himself as a dependable source of information.

他被认为是一个可靠的消息来源。

2）表示“查实；确定；证实，证明”，英文解释为“to discover or get proof of something”举个🌰：

Before we take any action we must establish the facts/truth.

我们在采取行动之前必须弄清事实真相。

pioneer

pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪər/ 作动词，表示“做先锋，当开拓者，倡导”，英文解释为“to be one of the first people to do something”举个🌰：

It was universities that pioneered these new industries.

是大学开创了这些新兴产业。

“Being able to manipulate and manage quantum states and all their layers of properties gives us access to tools with unexpected potential,” the committee said in a statement on Twitter.

该委员会在推特上的一份声明中表示：“能够操纵和管理量子态及其所有层次的属性，让我们能够获得具有意想不到潜力的工具。”

manipulate

1）表示“操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly”举个🌰：

Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media.

她在整个职业生涯中非常成功地控制了媒体。

2）表示“（用手）操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something using the hands”举个🌰：

The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate.

轮椅设计得很容易用手控制。

类似的还有一个词rig.

📍rig表示“（采取不正当的手段）操纵；对…做手脚”，英文解释为“to arrange dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed”举个🌰：

He said the election had been rigged.

他说选举被人操纵了。

📍此前，在故意改低女生成绩 东京医科大学被曝操控男女录取比例一文中，纽约时报的标题就用了rig这个词：Japanese Medical School Accused of Rigging Admissions to Keep Women Out. 操纵录取结果 rig admissions.

Dr. Zeilinger described the award as “an encouragement to young people.”

塞林格博士称该奖项为“对年轻人的鼓励”。

“The prize would not be possible without more than 100 young people who worked with me over the years and made all this possible,” he said of the work that the award recognized. “My advice would be: Do what you find interesting, and don’t care too much about possible applications.”

“如果没有多年来100多名和我一起工作的年轻人，就没有这个奖项，他们让这一切成为可能，”他谈到该奖项所表彰的工作时说。“我的建议是：做你觉得有趣的事情，不要太在意可能的应用。”

It was the second of several such prizes to be awarded over the coming week. The Nobels, among the highest honors in science, recognize groundbreaking contributions in a variety of fields.

这是接下来一周颁发的几个此类奖项中的第二个。诺贝尔奖是科学界的最高荣誉之一，表彰在各个领域的开创性贡献。

“I’m still kind of shocked, but it’s a very positive shock,” Dr. Zeilinger said of receiving the phone call informing him of the news.

“我仍然有点震惊，但这是非常“积极”的震惊，”塞林格博士谈到接到通知他获奖的电话时说。

When will the other Nobel Prizes be announced?

其他诺贝尔奖何时公布？

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded on Wednesday by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. Last year, Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan won for their development of a new tool that spurred research into new drugs and reduced the chemistry’s effect on the environment.

诺贝尔化学奖将于星期三由位于斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm）的瑞典皇家科学院颁发。去年，本杰明·利斯特（Benjamin List）和大卫·迈克米伦（David W.C. MacMillan）因其研发的新工具促进了对新药物的研究并减少了化学对环境的影响而获奖。

spur

spur表示“鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：

It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.

是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。

🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。

The Nobel Prize in Literature will be awarded on Thursday by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. Last year, Abdulrazak Gurnah won for “his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents.”

诺贝尔文学奖将于周四由斯德哥尔摩的瑞典文学院颁发。去年，阿卜杜勒扎克·古纳（Abdulrazak Gurnah）因“其对殖民主义的影响以及文化与大陆之间鸿沟中的难民命运具有坚定和富有同情心的洞察”而获奖。

uncompromising

表示“（尤指遭到反对时人或其信念）不妥协的，不让步的，强硬的”，英文解释为“If people or their beliefs are uncompromising, they are fixed and do not change, especially when faced with opposition.”

compassionate

表示“富有同情心的”，英文解释为“showing compassion”举个🌰：

The public's response to the crisis appeal was generous and compassionate.

公众对危难时刻的呼吁表现得慷慨大方、富有同情心。

penetration

1）表示“穿透；渗透；进入”，英文解释为“the act or process of making a way into or through sth”，如：the company's successful penetration of overseas markets 公司对海外市场的顺利开拓，举个🌰：

The floor is sealed to prevent water penetration.

地板加了密封涂料防止渗水。

2）表示“洞察力；敏锐”，英文解释为“the perceptive understanding of complex matters”，如：the survey shows subtlety and penetration 那项调查表现出了细心和洞察力。

colonialism

colonialism /kəˈləʊ.ni.ə.lɪ.zəm/ 表示“殖民主义”，英文解释为“the belief in and support for the system of one country controlling another”。

gulf

gulf /ɡʌlf/ 表示“不可逾越的鸿沟，巨大的差距；隔阂”，英文解释为“an important difference between the ideas, opinions, or situations of two groups of people”举个🌰：

There is a widening gulf between the rich and the poor in our society.

我们的社会里，贫富差距在日益加大。

- 今日盘点 -

quantum

groundbreaking

entangle

particle

clear the way

laureate

strive

address

in concert

implication

vibrant

interpret

photon

establish

pioneer

manipulate

spur

uncompromising

compassionate

penetration

colonialism

gulf

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