世卫组织宣布为猴痘病毒更名
近日，世界卫生组织宣布将猴痘病毒（monkeypox）的英文名更改为「mpox」，以避免原名「monkeypox」可能造成的污名化。
🤔️参考阅读：猴痘是什么？
🤔️小作业：
无注释原文：
WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease
From: WHO
Following a series of consultations with global experts, WHO will begin using a new preferred term “mpox” as a synonym for monkeypox. Both names will be used simultaneously for one year while “monkeypox” is phased out.
When the outbreak of monkeypox expanded earlier this year, racist and stigmatizing language online, in other settings and in some communities was observed and reported to WHO. In several meetings, public and private, a number of individuals and countries raised concerns and asked WHO to propose a way forward to change the name.
Assigning names to new and, very exceptionally, to existing diseases is the responsibility of WHO under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the WHO Family of International Health Related Classifications through a consultative process which includes WHO Member States.
WHO, in accordance with the ICD update process, held consultations to gather views from a range of experts, as well as countries and the general public, who were invited to submit suggestions for new names. Based on these consultations, and further discussions with WHO’s Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO recommends the following:
· Adoption of the new synonym mpox in English for the disease.
· Mpox will become a preferred term, replacing monkeypox, after a transition period of one year. This serves to mitigate the concerns raised by experts about confusion caused by a name change in the midst of a global outbreak. It also gives time to complete the ICD update process and to update WHO publications.
· The synonym mpox will be included in the ICD-10 online in the coming days. It will be a part of the official 2023 release of ICD-11, which is the current global standard for health data, clinical documentation and statistical aggregation.
· The term “monkeypox” will remain a searchable term in ICD, to match historic information.
Considerations for the recommendations included rationale, scientific appropriateness, extent of current usage, pronounceability, usability in different languages, absence of geographical or zoological references, and the ease of retrieval of historical scientific information.
Various advisory bodies were heard during the consultation process, including experts from the medical and scientific and classification and statistics advisory committees which constituted of representatives from government authorities of 45 different countries.
The issue of the use of the new name in different languages was extensively discussed. The preferred term mpox can be used in other languages. If additional naming issues arise, these will be addressed via the same mechanism. Translations are usually discussed in formal collaboration with relevant government authorities and the related scientific societies.
WHO will adopt the term mpox in its communications, and encourages others to follow these recommendations, to minimize any ongoing negative impact of the current name and from adoption of the new name.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
WHO recommends new name for monkeypox disease
From: WHO
Following a series of consultations with global experts, WHO will begin using a new preferred term “mpox” as a synonym for monkeypox. Both names will be used simultaneously for one year while “monkeypox” is phased out.
在与全球专家进行了一系列磋商之后，世卫组织将开始使用一个新的首选术语“mpox”作为monkeypox（猴痘）的同义词。这两个名字将并行使用一年，此后monkeypox的名称将被逐步淘汰。
monkeypox
monkeypox /ˈmʌŋ.ki.pɒks/ 表示“猴痘”，英文解释为“a disease caused by a virus that can be spread to humans by monkeys, apes, rats, and other animals”举个🌰：
Monkeypox causes fevers, headaches, chills, sweats, and a skin rash of pus-filled blisters.
猴痘会引起发烧、头痛、发冷、出汗，皮肤上会出现充满脓液的皮疹水泡。
consultation
consultation /ˌkɒn.sʌlˈteɪ.ʃən/ 表示“磋商；咨询；求教”，英文解释为“the process of discussing something with someone in order to get their advice or opinion about it”举个🌰：
He made the decision in consultation with his parents and teachers. 与父母和老师商议后，他做出了决定。
synonym
synonym /ˈsɪn.ə.nɪm/ 表示“同义词，近义词”，英文解释为“a word or phrase that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase in the same language”举个🌰：
The words "small" and "little" are synonyms. small 和 little 是同义词。
simultaneously
simultaneously /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəsli/ 表示“同时地”，英文解释为“in a way that is simultaneous (= happening or being done at exactly the same time)”。
phase sth out
表示“逐步淘汰”，英文解释为“If something is phased out, people gradually stop using it.”举个🌰：
They said the present system should be phased out. 他们说现行的体系应该逐步淘汰。
When the outbreak of monkeypox expanded earlier this year, racist and stigmatizing language online, in other settings and in some communities was observed and reported to WHO. In several meetings, public and private, a number of individuals and countries raised concerns and asked WHO to propose a way forward to change the name.
今年早些时候，当猴痘病毒爆发时，人们在网上、在社区等场合都看到了种族主义和污名化语言，并向世卫组织报告。在几次公开和非公开会议上，一些个人和国家对此提出了关切，并要求世卫组织提出更名的办法。
racist
1）表示“种族主义的”，英文解释为“If you describe people, things, or behaviour as racist, you mean that they are influenced by the belief that some people are inferior because they belong to a particular race.”举个🌰：
You have to acknowledge that we live in a racist society. 你不得不承认我们生活在一个有种族歧视的社会。
2）表示“种族主义者”，英文解释为“A racist is someone who is racist.”举个🌰：
He has a hard core of support among white racists. 他得到了白人种族主义分子强有力的支持。
stigmatize
表示“使背负恶名，侮辱”，英文解释为“If someone or something is stigmatized, they are unfairly regarded by many people as being bad or having something to be ashamed of.”举个🌰：
Children in single-parent families must not be stigmatized. 单亲家庭的孩子不应该受到侮辱。
Assigning names to new and, very exceptionally, to existing diseases is the responsibility of WHO under the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the WHO Family of International Health Related Classifications through a consultative process which includes WHO Member States.
根据《国际疾病分类》（ICD）和《世界卫生组织国际健康分类家族》，通过包括世卫组织会员国在内的磋商过程，为新疾病以及在非常特殊的情况下为现有疾病更名是世卫组织的职责。
assign
assign /əˈsaɪn/ 表示“分配；分派；指派”，英文解释为“to give a particular job or piece of work to someone”举个🌰：
UN troops were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital. 重建这所医院的任务被指派给了联合国部队。
WHO, in accordance with the ICD update process, held consultations to gather views from a range of experts, as well as countries and the general public, who were invited to submit suggestions for new names. Based on these consultations, and further discussions with WHO’s Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO recommends the following:
世卫组织根据《国际疾病分类》更新进程，举行了磋商，听取了一系列专家以及各国和公众的意见，邀请他们提交新名称的建议。根据这些磋商，以及与世卫组织总干事谭德塞博士的进一步讨论，世卫组织建议如下：
director general
表示“（大型机构的）总裁，主席；署长；局长；（尤指公共机构的）总管”，英文解释为“the person who is in charge of a big organization”。
· Adoption of the new synonym mpox in English for the disease.
· 在英语中采用新的同义词mpox来表示这种疾病。
· Mpox will become a preferred term, replacing monkeypox, after a transition period of one year. This serves to mitigate the concerns raised by experts about confusion caused by a name change in the midst of a global outbreak. It also gives time to complete the ICD update process and to update WHO publications.
· 在一年的过渡期后，Mpox将成为一个首选术语，取代Monkeypox。这有助于减轻专家对全球疫情中更名造成混淆的担忧。它还为完成《国际疾病分类》更新过程和更新世卫组织出版物提供了时间。
transition
表示“转变；过渡”，英文解释为“a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens”举个🌰：
The health-care system is in transition at the moment. 医疗保健制度目前正在变革中。
mitigate
表示“减轻，缓解，缓和”，英文解释为“to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious”举个🌰：
Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal. 需要采取措施来减轻燃煤增加对环境造成的影响。
in the midst of
表示“正当…的时候；在…之中；当某事发生时；在某人做某事时”，英文解释为“while sth is happening or being done; while you are doing sth”举个🌰：
She discovered it in the midst of sorting out her father's things.
她在整理父亲的东西时发现了它。
I'm sorry but I'm too busy - I'm in the midst of writing a report.
恐怕我太忙了——我正在写一份报告。
📍2020年8月《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述卡车业文章的标题就叫：The trucking industry is in the midst of upheaval—and hype 卡车运输业正在经历剧变，以及炒作。
· The synonym mpox will be included in the ICD-10 online in the coming days. It will be a part of the official 2023 release of ICD-11, which is the current global standard for health data, clinical documentation and statistical aggregation.
· 同义词mpox将在未来几天内被纳入ICD-10在线版本中。它将成为ICD-11 2023年正式发布的一部分，ICD-11是当前健康数据、临床文档和统计汇总的全球标准。
aggregation
aggregation /ˌæɡ.rɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“聚集；集合”，英文解释为“the process of combining things or amounts into a single group or total”举个🌰：
Some animals avoid being eaten by aggregation in groups, such as schools of fish. 一些动物为了避免被其他动物捕食而聚在一起行动，鱼群就是这样的。
2）表示“聚合；集成；汇总”，英文解释为“the process of collecting information from several different websites, newspapers, databases (= large amounts of information stored in a computer system ), etc. and combining it in one place, or the result of this process”
· The term “monkeypox” will remain a searchable term in ICD, to match historic information.
· “猴痘”一词将在《国际疾病分类》中仍将是一个可搜索的术语，以匹配历史信息。
Considerations for the recommendations included rationale, scientific appropriateness, extent of current usage, pronounceability, usability in different languages, absence of geographical or zoological references, and the ease of retrieval of historical scientific information.
这些建议的考虑因素包括理由、科学合理性、目前使用范围、可读性、在不同语言中的可用性、不涉及地理学或动物学相关名称以及历史科学信息检索的便利性。
rationale
rationale /ˌræʃ.əˈnɑːl/ 表示“根本原因；基本原理”，英文解释为“the reasons or intentions that cause a particular set of beliefs or actions”举个🌰：
I don't understand the rationale for these restrictions. 我无法理解这些限制。
geographical
geographical /ˌdʒi.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“地理的；地理学的”，英文解释为“relating to geography, or to the geography of a particular area or place”如：a geographical region 地理区域。
zoological
zoological /ˌzuː.ə.lɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“与动物有关的，动物学的”，英文解释为“connected with the science of zoology”
reference
表示“提到；谈到；论及”，英文解释为“a mention of something”举个🌰：
Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. 因为我知道发生了什么，所以就避开不谈婚礼的事儿。
retrieval
retrieval /rɪˈtriː.vəl/ 1）表示“取回；索回”，英文解释为“the process of getting sth back, especially from a place where it should not be”举个🌰：
By then the situation was beyond retrieval (= impossible to put right).
到那时，局势已无法挽回。
2）表示“数据检索”，英文解释为“the process of getting back information that is stored on a computer”。
Various advisory bodies were heard during the consultation process, including experts from the medical and scientific and classification and statistics advisory committees which constituted of representatives from government authorities of 45 different countries.
在磋商过程中听取了各种咨询机构的意见，包括医学和科学以及分类和统计咨询委员会的专家，这些委员会由45个不同国家政府当局的代表组成。
advisory
advisory /ədˈvaɪ.zər.i/ 表示“给予意见的”，英文解释为“giving advice”举个🌰：
She is employed by the president in an advisory capacity. 她被总裁聘为顾问。
作名词，表示“报告；公告；警告”，英文解释为“an official announcement that contains advice, information, or a warning”如：weather/travel advisories 天气报告/旅游公告。
constitute
除了表示“组成”，等同于make up，还可以表示“构成，被视为，被算作”，英文解释为“If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.”，如：constitute a professional and legal offence 构成职业和法律犯罪；举个🌰：
Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。
🎬电影《空中危机》（Flightplan）中的台词提到：A teddy bear does not constitute an inaccurate passenger manifest. 有一只泰迪熊并不代表 乘客名单出了错。
🎬电影《从足球流氓到黑帮崛起3》（Rise of the Footsoldier 3）中的台词提到：High on drink and pills does not constitute as a defense. 醉药 醉酒 不能作为辩护证据。
authority
表示“官方机构；当局；官方；当权者”，英文解释为“a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity”如：the health authority 卫生当局。
The issue of the use of the new name in different languages was extensively discussed. The preferred term mpox can be used in other languages. If additional naming issues arise, these will be addressed via the same mechanism. Translations are usually discussed in formal collaboration with relevant government authorities and the related scientific societies.
广泛讨论了在不同语言中使用新名称的问题。首选术语mpox可以在其他语言中使用。如果出现额外的命名问题，这些问题将通过相同的机制解决。翻译的问题通常在与有关政府当局和科学协会正式合作时进行讨论。
arise
WHO will adopt the term mpox in its communications, and encourages others to follow these recommendations, to minimize any ongoing negative impact of the current name and from adoption of the new name.
世卫组织将在其交流中采用mpox一词，并鼓励各方遵循这些建议，以尽量减少目前名称和采用新名称所带来的任何持续的负面影响。
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