研究表明志向远大可降低死亡风险
近日，来自美国波士顿大学的一项新研究表明，生活目标感越强的人，死亡风险越低。而这种关联性，在女性中略强于男性，但种族/民族之间没有显著差异。
🤔️小作业：
无注释原文：
Higher sense of purpose in life may be linked to lower mortality risk, study finds
From: Science Daily
November 15, 2022
Growing research indicates that one's purpose -- i.e., the extent to which someone perceives a sense of direction and goals in their life -- may be linked to health-protective benefits such as better physical functioning and lower risks of cardiovascular disease or cognitive decline.
Now, a new study led by a Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) researcher found that people with higher levels of purpose may have a lower risk of death from any cause, and that this association is applicable across race/ethnicity and gender.
Published in the journal Preventive Medicine, the study results did suggest that this association is slightly stronger among women than it is among men, but there was no significant difference by race/ethnicity.
"Having a purpose in life has been known to improve many health outcomes on average," says study lead author Dr. Koichiro Shiba, assistant professor of epidemiology at BUSPH. "In another study I led, we found that the effect of purpose on lowering all-cause mortality may differ by socioeconomic status. In this study, we extended the prior evidence and found that the beneficial effect of purpose persisted regardless of gender and race/ethnicity."
For the study, Dr. Shiba and colleagues at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Harvard Chan) utilized data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of US adults ages 50 and older. The team assessed self-reported sense of purpose among more than 13,000 people, based on the "purpose in life" of the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scales, a widely used tool that measures different aspects of well-being and happiness. The researchers also examined mortality risk over an eight-year period beginning between 2006-2008.
The results showed that people with the highest sense of purpose indicated the lowest risk of death (15.2 percent mortality risk), compared to people with the lowest sense of purpose (36.5 percent mortality risk).
The team also gathered data on additional factors that can influence health, such socioeconomic status, other demographic characteristics, baseline physical health, and depression, and found that an increase in these factors was also associated with increases in a higher sense of purpose.
Dr. Shiba speculates that the stronger observed purpose-mortality association in women may be attributable to gender difference in the use of healthcare services, "one of the postulated pathways linking purpose and health," he says. "Evidence suggests men tend to underuse necessary healthcare services, due to social norm. However, future study investigating the mechanisms underlying the gender difference is warranted."
These findings can help inform future policies and other efforts to improve health and well-being.
"This evidence on effect heterogeneity tells us whether population-level purpose interventions can promote people's health not only on average, but also in an equitable manner," Dr. Shiba says. "Although evidence suggests purpose interventions would not lead to widening racial disparities in mortality, policymakers should also be aware of other sources of heterogeneity, such as SES and gender. Even though people may view purpose as a 'psychological' factor, its impacts on health cannot be explained solely by processes that operate in our mind and biology. We need to consider how the psychological factor interacts with our social world and ultimately impacts our health."
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Higher sense of purpose in life may be linked to lower mortality risk, study finds
From: Science Daily
November 15, 2022
Growing research indicates that one's purpose -- i.e., the extent to which someone perceives a sense of direction and goals in their life -- may be linked to health-protective benefits such as better physical functioning and lower risks of cardiovascular disease or cognitive decline.
越来越多的研究表明，一个人的目标-即一个人对生活有方向和目标的程度-可能与健康防护益处有关，例如身体机能更佳、心血管疾病或认知衰退风险更低。
perceive
cardiovascular
cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə/ 表示“心血管的”，英文解释为“Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels.”举个🌰：
Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. 吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。
cognitive
Now, a new study led by a Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) researcher found that people with higher levels of purpose may have a lower risk of death from any cause, and that this association is applicable across race/ethnicity and gender.
现在，由波士顿大学公共卫生学院（BUSPH）研究人员带领的一项新研究发现，目标感较强的人死亡风险较低，这种关联性适用于不同的种族/民族和性别。
ethnicity
ethnicity /eθˈnɪsəti/ 表示“种族特点；种族渊源 ”，英文解释为“Ethnicity is the state or fact of belonging to a particular ethnic group.”举个🌰：
He said his ethnicity had not been important to him. 他说他的种族渊源对他向来都不重要。
Published in the journal Preventive Medicine, the study results did suggest that this association is slightly stronger among women than it is among men, but there was no significant difference by race/ethnicity.
这项研究发表在《预防医学》（Preventive Medicine）杂志上，研究结果表明，这种关联性在女性中略强于男性，但种族/民族之间没有显著差异。
"Having a purpose in life has been known to improve many health outcomes on average," says study lead author Dr. Koichiro Shiba, assistant professor of epidemiology at BUSPH. "In another study I led, we found that the effect of purpose on lowering all-cause mortality may differ by socioeconomic status. In this study, we extended the prior evidence and found that the beneficial effect of purpose persisted regardless of gender and race/ethnicity."
该研究的第一作者、波士顿大学公共卫生学院流行病学助理教授芝幸一郎（Koichiro Shiba）博士说：“众所周知，在生活中有明确目标能够改善健康状况。在我领导的另一项研究中，我们发现目标对降低全因死亡率的影响可能因社会经济地位而异。在这项研究中，我们扩展了先前的证据，发现无论性别和种族/民族如何，目标的有益影响都一直存在。”
epidemiology
📍epidemiological /ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ 形容词，表示“流行病学”，如：epidemiological research 流行病学研究。
📍epidemiology 名词，英文解释为“the scientific study of the spread and control of diseases”。
mortality
mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。
区分：
📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。
persist
For the study, Dr. Shiba and colleagues at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Harvard Chan) utilized data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of US adults ages 50 and older. The team assessed self-reported sense of purpose among more than 13,000 people, based on the "purpose in life" of the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scales, a widely used tool that measures different aspects of well-being and happiness. The researchers also examined mortality risk over an eight-year period beginning between 2006-2008.
在这项研究中，芝幸一郎博士和哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院（Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health）的同事利用了美国国民健康与退休研究（Health and Retirement Study）的数据，健康与退休研究是一项针对50岁及以上美国成年人进行的全国代表性研究。该团队根据Ryff心理幸福感量表的“生活目标”评估了1.3万多人自我报告的目标感。该量表是一种广泛使用的工具，用于衡量幸福感和快乐感的不同方面。研究人员还分析了从2006-2008年起八年间的死亡风险。
scale
1）表示“标度，刻度；等级”，英文解释为“a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of something”如：the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale 摄氏/华氏温标。
2）表示“比例；比例尺”，英文解释为“the relation between the real size of something and its size on a map, model, or diagram”如：a scale of 1:10,000 比例尺为1:10000。
3）表示“大小；规模；范围”，英文解释为“the size or level of something, especially when this is large”举个🌰：
We don't yet know the scale of the problem. 我们还不知道问题有多严重。
The results showed that people with the highest sense of purpose indicated the lowest risk of death (15.2 percent mortality risk), compared to people with the lowest sense of purpose (36.5 percent mortality risk).
结果显示，与目标感最低的人（死亡风险为36.5%）相比，目标感最高的人死亡风险最低（死亡风险为15.2%）。
The team also gathered data on additional factors that can influence health, such socioeconomic status, other demographic characteristics, baseline physical health, and depression, and found that an increase in these factors was also associated with increases in a higher sense of purpose.
该团队还收集了可能影响健康的其他因素的数据，如社会经济地位、其他人口统计学特征、基础身体健康和抑郁症，并发现这些因素的增加也与更高的目标感有关。
demographic
1）作形容词，表示“人口的；人口统计的；人口学的”，英文解释为“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”举个🌰：
There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. 该国的社会和人口状况已经发生了巨大的变化。
2）作名词，表示“（顾客）族群”，英文解释为“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.”举个🌰：
This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. 该族群（十几岁的年轻人）是使用这个网站人数增长最快的年龄群体。
baseline
表示“（进行比较时用作起点的）基线”，英文解释为“an imaginary line used as a starting point for making comparisons”如：a baseline assessment 基线评估；摸底评估。
Dr. Shiba speculates that the stronger observed purpose-mortality association in women may be attributable to gender difference in the use of healthcare services, "one of the postulated pathways linking purpose and health," he says. "Evidence suggests men tend to underuse necessary healthcare services, due to social norm. However, future study investigating the mechanisms underlying the gender difference is warranted."
芝幸一郎博士推测，女性中目标感与死亡率之间具有更强的关联性可能归因于在医疗服务使用上性别的差异，“这是将目标感与健康连接起来的假定途径之一，”他说，“有证据表明，由于社会规范，男性往往没有充分利用必要的医疗服务。然而，未来有必要对性别差异背后的机制进行研究。”
speculate
attributable
表示“可归属…的；可能出自…的；归因于…的；由于…的”，英文解释为“caused by”举个🌰：
Do you think that these higher-than-average temperatures are attributable to global warming? 你认为这种较正常水平偏高的气温是全球变暖引起的吗？
postulate
postulate /ˈpɒs.tʃə.leɪt/ 表示“假定，假设”，英文解释为“to suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or developed”举个🌰：
He dismissed arguments postulating differing standards for human rights in different cultures and regions. 他无法接受的是假定人权标准在不同文化和地区有所不同。
norm
表示“规范；行为标准”，英文解释为“standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society”，如：social/cultural norms 社会/文化规范。
📍the norm 表示“常态，正常行为”，英文解释为“a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical”举个🌰：
One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 每个家庭一个孩子在一些国家正迅速普遍起来。
underlie
表示“是…的深层原因；对…有重大影响”，英文解释为“to be a hidden cause of or strong influence on something”举个🌰：
Psychological problems very often underlie apparently physical disorders. 心理问题常常是明显生理疾病的深层原因。
warrant
1）作名词，表示“令状，搜查令；拘捕令”，英文解释为“A warrant is a legal document that allows someone to do something, especially one that is signed by a judge or magistrate and gives the police permission to arrest someone or search their house.”
2）作动词时，表示“使...有必要，使…显得适当”，英文解释为“If something warrants a particular action, it makes the action seem necessary or appropriate for the circumstances.”举个🌰：
Obviously what she did was wrong, but I don't think it warranted such a severe punishment. 显然她做得不对，但我认为她不应该受到如此严厉的惩罚。
3）还有一个用法是表示“担保，保证；许诺”（used to say that you are certain about something），举个🌰：
I'll warrant (you). 我（向你）保证。
🎬电影《美丽心灵》（A Beautiful Mind）中的台词提到：Your record doesn't warrant any placement at all. 你的履历压根不足以保证你能胜任任何职位。
These findings can help inform future policies and other efforts to improve health and well-being.
这些发现有助于为未来的政策和其他改善健康和福祉的努力提供信息。
"This evidence on effect heterogeneity tells us whether population-level purpose interventions can promote people's health not only on average, but also in an equitable manner," Dr. Shiba says. "Although evidence suggests purpose interventions would not lead to widening racial disparities in mortality, policymakers should also be aware of other sources of heterogeneity, such as SES and gender. Even though people may view purpose as a 'psychological' factor, its impacts on health cannot be explained solely by processes that operate in our mind and biology. We need to consider how the psychological factor interacts with our social world and ultimately impacts our health."
“关于效应异质性的证据告诉我们，人口层面的目标感干预措施是否不仅能在平均水平上改善人们的健康，还能以公平的方式改善人们的健康，”芝幸一郎博士说，“尽管有证据表明，目标感干预措施不会导致死亡率的种族差异扩大，但政策制定者也应该意识到其他异质性来源，如社会经济地位和性别。尽管人们可能认为目标感是一个‘心理’因素，但它对健康的影响不能仅仅用我们大脑和生物学中的运作过程来解释。我们需要考虑心理因素如何与我们的社会世界相互作用，并最终影响我们的健康。”
heterogeneity
heterogeneity /ˌhet.ər.ə.dʒəˈneɪ.ə.ti/ 表示“异质性”，英文解释为“the fact of consisting of parts or things that are very different from each other”举个🌰：
The amount of heterogeneity and biodiversity in these environments is incredible. 这些环境中的异质性和生物多样性的数量令人难以置信。
intervention
表示“干涉，介入；（由家庭成员、朋友或医护人员共同开会劝导有酗酒或毒瘾问题者接受现实并开始治疗的）干预活动”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation. A meeting at which someone with a drug or alcohol problem is asked by family members, friends, or health workers to accept the fact that they have a problem and is encouraged to get treatment”
equitable
📍equitable表示“公平合理的；公正的”，英文解释为“fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way”
类似的还有：
📍 fair表示“公平的；公正的”，英文解释为“Something or someone that is fair is reasonable, right, and just.”
📍 just作形容词，表示“公正的；正义的；正当的；合理的”，英文解释为“that most people consider to be morally fair and reasonable”，如：a just decision/law/society 公正的决定/法律/社会；
📍 impartial表示“公正的；不偏不倚的；中立的”，英文解释为“Someone who is impartial is not directly involved in a particular situation, and is therefore able to give a fair opinion or decision about it.”如：an impartial inquiry 公正的调查。
📍 unbiased表示“无偏见的；公正的”，英文解释为“If you describe someone or something as unbiased, you mean they are fair and not likely to support one particular person or group involved in something.”如：unbiased advice 客观的忠告。
disparity
disparity /dɪˈspærɪtɪ/表示“（尤指不公正的）不同，差异”，英文解释为“a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one”，如：a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women 男性与女性在工资水平上的差异。
相反的：
📍parity表示“（尤指薪金、权利或权力的）相同，相等，同等”，英文解释为“the state of being equal, especially having equal pay, rights, or power”举个🌰：
Women workers are demanding parity with their male colleagues. 女职工在要求与男同事享有同等的待遇。
还可以指两个不同国家的货币单位的“平价，等价”(equality between the units of money from two diffe-rent countries）；
📍2019年「妇女节」联合国秘书长发表讲话时，就提到：
📍在2018年政府工作报告中，居民收入增长和经济增长基本同步；就处理为：Basic parity in personal income growth and economic growth.
interact
表示“交流，交往；互相作用，互相影响”，英文解释为“to communicate with or react to”举个🌰：
Her teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 她的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
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perceive、cardiovascular、cognitive、ethnicity、epidemiology、mortality、persist、scale、demographic、baseline、speculate、attributable、postulate、norm、underlie、warrant、heterogeneity、intervention、equitable、disparity、interact
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