你是尿眠体吗
什么是尿眠体？
🤔️小作业：
1.「尿」怎么表达？
2. black tea是什么茶？
3. contraction是什么意思？
无注释原文：
Ask a Doctor: Why do I pee so much at night?
From: The Washington Post
Q: I keep waking up in the middle of the night to pee and worry it’s affecting my sleep. Why is this happening?
A: This is a question I hear all the time, and one possible cause might surprise you.
Nighttime urination, also known as nocturia, can affect men and women at any age. The more common causes are entirely benign, though nocturia can also be triggered by certain health conditions and medications.
In fact, one of the strongest diuretics known to man isn’t something you eat or drink. It’s actually something that can be released from within your own body.
Sleep apnea — a condition that affects breathing during sleep — can lead to lower oxygen levels in the bloodstream. When blood oxygen levels drop due to sleep apnea, the heart can experience a false signal of fluid overload and release a hormone called type B natriuretic peptide (BNP). BNP is a very potent diuretic that tells the body to get rid of sodium and water. It then causes an overproduction of urine.
In my practice, patients are often shocked to learn that sleep apnea can be the underlying cause of their nocturia. I recently saw a patient for frequent nighttime urination who also reported a history of snoring and morning fatigue. An at-home sleep study confirmed the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.
After seeing a sleep medicine specialist, who had started him on CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) therapy, the patient reported not only more energy during the day and improved control of his high blood pressure but also less nighttime urination. The reason: Treatment of sleep apnea has been shown to decrease production of BNP, thus reducing nocturia.
Nocturia can also be a warning sign for other health conditions, such as diabetes, heart failure, urinary tract infections and an overactive bladder, as well as a reaction to some medications, including those used to treat hypertension and kidney conditions. Sometimes, it’s linked to other sleep issues, such as insomnia.
The more common causes usually aren’t anything to worry about. Here are some of them, as well as other medical conditions linked to nocturia.
Fluid intake
In adults, a common cause of nighttime urination is fluid intake before bedtime, or in other words: What goes in must come out. Fluid you drink is filtered through the kidneys and stored in the bladder as urine until you pee. Drinking lots of fluid before bedtime is a recipe for waking up with an urge to urinate, since the bladder only holds about 12 to 14 ounces. By restricting fluids after dinnertime, these urges might be reduced.
Bladder irritants and diuretics
There are many foods and drinks whose byproducts are passed into the urine and can irritate or “tickle” the bladder, producing an urge to pee. This includes teas (green, white and black), spicy foods and artificial sweeteners, such as the calorie-free sweeteners you might add to your drinks or those that come inside diet or sugar-free foods. In a study involving rats, these sweeteners were shown to increase bladder muscle contraction, which causes an urge to urinate.
Caffeine is another common culprit, whether it’s in coffee, tea or soda, and so is alcohol. Both are known diuretics.
For young people
Most young people don’t wake up at night to urinate. Those who do are probably taking in too much fluid before bedtime or consuming bladder irritants or diuretics. But it’s important to keep in mind that even young people can be diagnosed with medical conditions linked to nocturia, such as sleep apnea, particularly those who are overweight.
What to do about it
For people who are bothered by peeing once a night, I suggest avoiding caffeine after lunch and skipping a nightcap before bed. Try keeping track of what you eat and drink to identify what your own triggers might be.
But if you’re waking up twice or more times — or you think you might have sleep apnea, a prostate issue or any other medical condition related to nocturia — connect with your primary care provider or a urologist and get evaluated. They’ll run a urine test and check to make sure your overall health is in order.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Ask a Doctor: Why do I pee so much at night?
From: The Washington Post
Q: I keep waking up in the middle of the night to pee and worry it's affecting my sleep. Why is this happening?
问：我经常在夜间醒来上厕所，担心这会影响我的睡眠。为什么会发生这种情况？
pee
pee，非正式，表示“尿，撒尿”，可作名词也可作动词，作名词时可以说：go for a pee/have a pee.
piss可作动词也可作名词，“撒尿”口语上可以直接说，go for/have/take a piss；piss还有很多其它的含义，作名词时有个短语，take the piss (out of sb/sth) 表示“〔嘲笑或愚弄某人而〕令（某人）生气”，英文解释为“to annoy someone by laughing at them or making them seem stupid”，举个🌰：
The kids always take the piss out of some teachers. 孩子们总是拿某些老师寻开心。
urine作为名词表示“尿”，英文解释：Urine is the liquid that you get rid of from your body when you go to the toilet. 举个🌰：
The doctor took a urine sample and a blood sample. 医生取了尿样和血样。
其动词形式为：urinate 排尿。
A: This is a question I hear all the time, and one possible cause might surprise you.
答：这是我经常听到的一个问题，其中一个可能的原因或许会让你大吃一惊。
Nighttime urination, also known as nocturia, can affect men and women at any age. The more common causes are entirely benign, though nocturia can also be triggered by certain health conditions and medications.
夜间排尿，也称为夜尿症，影响着各年龄的男性和女性。更常见的原因完全是良性的，尽管夜尿症也可能是由某些身体条件和药物引发的。
urination
urination /ˌjʊə.rɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ 表示“排尿，小便”，英文解释为“the passing of urine from the body”如：painful urination 排尿困难。
nocturia
nocturia /nɒkˈtjʊə.ri.ə/ 表示“夜尿症”，英文解释为“a condition that makes someone often need to urinate (= pass urine from the body) during the night”举个🌰：
Nocturia can have a negative impact on several aspects of a person's quality of life. 夜尿症可能会对一个人的生活质量的几个方面产生负面影响。
benign
benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ 表示“良性的”，英文解释为“A benigntumour is not likely to cause death.”如：a benign tumour 良性肿瘤。
也可以表示“慈祥的；和善的”，英文解释为“pleasant and kind”如：a benign old lady 慈祥的老妇人。
trigger
1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个🌰：
Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction. 坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。
2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个🌰：
A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger. 一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。
类似的还有：
📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：
The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination. 这首诗能够激发起想象力。
📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：
It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
medication
medication /ˌmed.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“药物，药剂”，英文解释为“a medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs, used to improve a particular condition or illness”举个🌰：
He is currently on/taking medication for his heart. 目前他正在服用治疗心脏病的药物。
In fact, one of the strongest diuretics known to man isn't something you eat or drink. It's actually something that can be released from within your own body.
事实上，人类已知最强利尿剂之一并不是你吃的或喝的东西。它实际上是可以从你自己体内释放出来的东西。
diuretic
diuretic /ˌdaɪ.jəˈret̬.ɪk/ 表示“利尿剂”，英文解释为“a substance that causes an increase in the production of urine”
Sleep apnea — a condition that affects breathing during sleep — can lead to lower oxygen levels in the bloodstream. When blood oxygen levels drop due to sleep apnea, the heart can experience a false signal of fluid overload and release a hormone called type B natriuretic peptide (BNP). BNP is a very potent diuretic that tells the body to get rid of sodium and water. It then causes an overproduction of urine.
睡眠呼吸暂停——一种影响睡眠期间呼吸的疾病——会导致血液中的氧气含量降低。当睡眠呼吸暂停导致血氧含量下降时，心脏会出现液体过载的错误信号，并释放一种叫做B型尿钠肽（BNP）的激素。BNP是一种非常有效的利尿剂，它告诉身体排出钠和水。因而会导致产生过多尿液。
sleep apnea
fluid
fluid /ˈfluː.ɪd/ 表示“液体；流质”，英文解释为“a substance that flows and is not solid”举个🌰：
If you have a fever you should drink plenty of fluids. 如果发烧，应多喝流质。
作形容词，表示“流畅的”，英文解释为“smooth and continuous”如：fluid movements 流畅的动作。
hormone
potent
potent /ˈpəʊtənt/ 表示“强有力的，强大的；有效力的”，英文解释为“very powerful, forceful, or effective”举个🌰：
This is a very potent drug and can have unpleasant side-effects. 该药效力很强，副作用也不小。
sodium
sodium /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ 表示“钠”，英文解释为“a soft, silver-white chemical element that is found in salt”
In my practice, patients are often shocked to learn that sleep apnea can be the underlying cause of their nocturia. I recently saw a patient for frequent nighttime urination who also reported a history of snoring and morning fatigue. An at-home sleep study confirmed the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.
在我的工作过程中，患者往往惊讶地得知睡眠呼吸暂停可能是他们夜间排尿的潜在原因。我最近看了一位经常夜间排尿的患者，他也有打鼾和晨起疲劳的病史。一项睡眠研究证实了阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的诊断。
underlying
1）表示“暗含的；深层的；潜在的”，英文解释为“real but not immediately obvious”举个🌰：
And what might be the underlying significance of these supposedly random acts? 这些看似偶然的行为，其暗含的意义可能是什么呢？
2）表示“以…为基础的”，英文解释为“used to describe something on which something else is based”举个🌰：
The price of the investment fell below the value of the underlying assets. 这一投资项目的价格已经跌至低于标的资产价值。
snore
snore可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“打呼噜，打鼾”，英文解释为“to breathe in a very noisy way while you are sleeping”举个🌰：
Sometimes my husband snores so loudly, it keeps me awake at night. 有时候我丈夫打鼾太响，弄得我整夜无法入睡。
fatigue
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ 表示“疲劳；劳累”，英文解释为“a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise”，如：physical and mental fatigue 身体和精神的疲劳。
After seeing a sleep medicine specialist, who had started him on CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) therapy, the patient reported not only more energy during the day and improved control of his high blood pressure but also less nighttime urination. The reason: Treatment of sleep apnea has been shown to decrease production of BNP, thus reducing nocturia.
在看了睡眠医学专家后，他开始接受CPAP（持续气道正压通气）治疗，患者报告说，不仅白天精力更充沛，对高血压的控制得到改善，夜间排尿也更少。原因：睡眠呼吸暂停的治疗已被证明可以减少BNP的产生，从而减少夜尿。
Nocturia can also be a warning sign for other health conditions, such as diabetes, heart failure, urinary tract infections and an overactive bladder, as well as a reaction to some medications, including those used to treat hypertension and kidney conditions. Sometimes, it's linked to other sleep issues, such as insomnia.
夜尿症也可能是其他健康状况的警告信号，如糖尿病、心力衰竭、尿路感染和膀胱过度活动症，以及对某些药物的反应，包括用于治疗高血压和肾脏疾病的药物。有时，也与其他睡眠问题有关，如失眠。
diabetes
diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtɪs, -tiːz/ 表示“糖尿病”，英文解释为“a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.”
tract
tract /trækt/ 表示“（人或动物体内的）管，道，束”，英文解释为“a system of connected tubes and organs with a particular function inside the body of a person or an animal ”如：the urinary/respiratory/digestive tract 尿道/呼吸道/消化道。
bladder
表示“膀胱”，英文解释为“an organ like a bag inside the body of a person or animal, where urine is stored before it leaves the body”如：to empty your bladder (= urinate) 撒尿。
hypertension
表示“高血压”，英文解释为“a medical condition in which your blood pressure is extremely high.”
kidney
表示“肾，肾脏”，英文解释为“either of a pair of small organs in the body that take away waste matter from the blood to produce urine”如：kidney failure 肾脏衰竭。
insomnia
The more common causes usually aren't anything to worry about. Here are some of them, as well as other medical conditions linked to nocturia.
更常见的原因通常无需担心。以下是其中一些原因，以及与夜尿症相关的其他疾病。
Fluid intake 液体摄入
In adults, a common cause of nighttime urination is fluid intake before bedtime, or in other words: What goes in must come out. Fluid you drink is filtered through the kidneys and stored in the bladder as urine until you pee. Drinking lots of fluid before bedtime is a recipe for waking up with an urge to urinate, since the bladder only holds about 12 to 14 ounces. By restricting fluids after dinnertime, these urges might be reduced.
在成年人中，夜间排尿的一个常见原因是睡前摄入液体，换句话说：有入必有出。你喝的液体会通过肾脏过滤，储存在膀胱中成为尿液，直到你排尿。睡前喝大量液体会导致带着尿意醒来，因为膀胱只能容纳大约12到14盎司的尿液。晚餐后限制液体摄入，尿意可能会减少。
filter
作动词，表示“过滤”，英文解释为“to remove solids from liquids or gases, or to remove particular types of light, using special equipment”举个🌰：
The water is filtered to remove any impurities. 这种水经过滤以去除杂质。
作名词：
1）表示“筛选（过滤）程序”，英文解释为“a program that stops certain types of electronic information, email, etc. being sent to a computer.”
2）表示“滤器；过滤器”，英文解释为“a device containing paper, sand, chemicals, etc. that a liquid or gas is passed through in order to remove any materials that are not wanted”
3）此前在尴尬！视频会议忘关摄像头......文中介绍有公司主管在线会议时，误开滤镜特效，会议全程整个人变成土豆头🥔，就提到：she could not figure out how to remove the filter. 主管一直搞不清要怎么关掉滤镜。filter指的就是滤镜。
recipe
Bladder irritants and diuretics 膀胱刺激物和利尿剂
There are many foods and drinks whose byproducts are passed into the urine and can irritate or “tickle” the bladder, producing an urge to pee. This includes teas (green, white and black), spicy foods and artificial sweeteners, such as the calorie-free sweeteners you might add to your drinks or those that come inside diet or sugar-free foods. In a study involving rats, these sweeteners were shown to increase bladder muscle contraction, which causes an urge to urinate.
有许多食物和饮料的代谢产物会通过尿液排出，刺激或使膀胱“发痒”，从而产生尿意。这包括茶（绿茶、白茶和红茶）、辛辣食物和人造甜味剂，比如你添加到饮料中的无卡路里甜味剂，或者饮食或无糖食物中的甜味剂。在一项涉及大鼠的研究中，证明这些甜味剂会增加膀胱肌肉收缩，从而产生尿意。
irritant
irritant /ˈɪr.ɪ.tənt/ 1）表示“令人烦恼的事物；造成麻烦的事物”，英文解释为“something that causes trouble or makes you annoyed”举个🌰：The report is bound to add a new irritant to international relations. 这份报告肯定会给国际关系添加新麻烦。
2）表示“刺激物”，英文解释为“a substance that makes part of your body sore or painful”举个🌰：
Pollen is an irritant, causing red and sore eyes in sensitive people. 花粉有刺激性，会使过敏的人眼睛红肿疼痛。
irritate
1）表示“激怒”，英文解释为“If something irritates you, it keeps annoying you.”举个🌰：
Their attitude irritates me. 他们的态度激怒了我。
2）表示“使发炎；使疼痛”，英文解释为“to make a part of your body sore or painful”举个🌰：
At first my contact lenses irritated my eyes. 起初一戴上隐形眼镜，我的眼睛就疼。
tickle
表示“使觉得痒；挠（某人）的痒痒”，英文解释为“to touch someone lightly with your fingers, making them slightly uncomfortable and often making them laugh”举个🌰：
Stop! You're tickling me! 快停下！你让我痒得难受！
black tea
black tea 表示“（西方人常喝的）红茶”，英文解释为“dark-coloured tea of the type usually drunk in the West”举个🌰：
Chai is made with black tea and a blend of spices. 混合茶是红茶和香料混制而成的。
sweetener
表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”
contraction
contraction /kənˈtræk.ʃən/ 表示“收缩；缩小；缩短”，英文解释为“the fact of something becoming smaller or shorter”举个🌰：
Cold causes contraction of the metal. 金属遇冷收缩。
Caffeine is another common culprit, whether it's in coffee, tea or soda, and so is alcohol. Both are known diuretics.
咖啡因是另一个常见的罪魁祸首，无论是咖啡、茶还是苏打水，酒精也是如此。它们都是已知的利尿剂。
caffeine
caffeine /ˈkæf.iːn/ 表示“咖啡因，咖啡碱”，英文解释为“a chemical, found for example in tea and coffee, that is a stimulant (= something that makes people more active)”
culprit
1）表示“罪犯；造成破坏（问题）的人；过失者；责任人”，英文解释为“the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong”；
2）表示“问题的起因；罪魁祸首”，英文解释为“a fact or situation that is the reason for something bad happening”举个🌰：
Children in this country are getting much too fat, and sugar and sweets are the main culprits. 该国儿童过于肥胖，糖和甜食是罪魁祸首。
For young people 对于年轻人来说
Most young people don't wake up at night to urinate. Those who do are probably taking in too much fluid before bedtime or consuming bladder irritants or diuretics. But it's important to keep in mind that even young people can be diagnosed with medical conditions linked to nocturia, such as sleep apnea, particularly those who are overweight.
大多数年轻人晚上不会醒来小便。那些在睡前摄入过多液体或摄入膀胱刺激物或利尿剂的人可能会醒来小便。但重要的是要记住，即使是年轻人也可能被诊断出与夜尿症相关的疾病，比如睡眠呼吸暂停，尤其是那些超重的人。
What to do about it 该怎么办呢？
For people who are bothered by peeing once a night, I suggest avoiding caffeine after lunch and skipping a nightcap before bed. Try keeping track of what you eat and drink to identify what your own triggers might be.
对于那些每晚小便一次的人，我建议午餐后避免摄入咖啡因，睡前不要喝含酒精饮料。试着记录你吃了什么、喝了什么，以确定你的诱因可能是什么。
nightcap
nightcap /ˈnaɪt.kæp/ 表示“睡前饮料（常指酒）”，英文解释为“a drink, sometimes an alcoholic drink, that someone has just before going to bed”
But if you're waking up twice or more times — or you think you might have sleep apnea, a prostate issue or any other medical condition related to nocturia — connect with your primary care provider or a urologist and get evaluated. They'll run a urine test and check to make sure your overall health is in order.
但是如果你醒来两次或更多次——或者认为自己可能有睡眠呼吸暂停、前列腺问题或任何其他与夜尿症相关的疾病——联系你的基础医疗机构或泌尿科医生进行评估。他们会进行尿检以确保你的整体健康状况良好。
prostate
prostate /ˈprɒs.teɪt/ 表示“前列腺”，英文解释为“an organ near the penis in male mammals that produces a liquid that mixes with and carries sperm”举个🌰：He has prostate trouble. 他有前列腺病。
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