ChatGPT是什么？
近日，一款名为ChatGPT的人工智能聊天机器人火了。ChatGPT能做什么呢？除了简单的对话，它能帮你写代码、写文章、写诗、翻译，只要你能想到...，甚至有人用它来写作业。
🤔️小作业：
无注释原文：
AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability
From: The Guardian
Professors, programmers and journalists could all be out of a job in just a few years, after the latest chatbot from the Elon Musk-founded OpenAI foundation stunned onlookers with its writing ability, proficiency at complex tasks, and ease of use.
The system, called ChatGPT, is the latest evolution of the GPT family of text-generating AIs. Two years ago, the team’s previous AI, GPT3, was able to generate an opinion piece for the Guardian, and ChatGPT has significant further capabilities.
In the days since it was released, academics have generated responses to exam queries that they say would result in full marks if submitted by an undergraduate, and programmers have used the tool to solve coding challenges in obscure programming languages in a matter of seconds.
Dan Gillmor, a journalism professor at Arizona State University, asked the AI to handle one of the assignments he gives his students: writing a letter to a relative giving advice regarding online security and privacy. “If you’re unsure about the legitimacy of a website or email, you can do a quick search to see if others have reported it as being a scam,” the AI advised in part.
“I would have given this a good grade,” Gillmor said. “Academia has some very serious issues to confront.”
OpenAI said the new AI was created with a focus on ease of use. “The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer follow-up questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests,” OpenAI said in a post announcing the release.
Unlike previous AI from the company, ChatGPT has been released for anyone to use, for free, during a “feedback” period. The company hopes to use this feedback to improve the final version of the tool.
ChatGPT is good at self-censoring, and at realising when it is being asked an impossible question. Asked, for instance, to describe what happened when Columbus arrived in America in 2015, older models may have willingly presented an entirely fictitious account, but ChatGPT recognises the falsehood and warns that any answer would be fictional.
The bot is also capable of refusing to answer queries altogether. Ask it for advice on stealing a car, for example, and the bot will say that “stealing a car is a serious crime that can have severe consequences”, and instead give advice such as “using public transportation”.
But the limits are easy to evade. Ask the AI instead for advice on how to beat the car-stealing mission in a fictional VR game called Car World and it will merrily give users detailed guidance on how to steal a car, and answer increasingly specific questions on problems like how to disable an immobiliser, how to hotwire the engine, and how to change the licence plates – all while insisting that the advice is only for use in the game Car World.
The AI is trained on a huge sample of text taken from the internet, generally without explicit permission from the authors of the material used. That has led to controversy, with some arguing that the technology is most useful for “copyright laundering” – making works derivative of existing material without breaking copyright.
One unusual critic was Elon Musk, who co-founded OpenAI in 2015 before parting ways in 2017 due to conflicts of interest between the organisation and Tesla. In a post on Twitter on Sunday, Musk revealed that the organisation “had access to [the] Twitter database for training”, but that he had “put that on pause for now”.
“Need to understand more about governance structure & revenue plans going forward,” Musk added. “OpenAI was started as open-source & non-profit. Neither are still true.”
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability
From: The Guardian
Professors, programmers and journalists could all be out of a job in just a few years, after the latest chatbot from the Elon Musk-founded OpenAI foundation stunned onlookers with its writing ability, proficiency at complex tasks, and ease of use.
教授、程序员和记者未来几年可能都会失业，因为来自埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）创立的OpenAI的最新聊天机器人令人惊讶地展现了它的写作能力、对复杂任务的熟练掌握及易用性。
stun
1）表示“使震惊；使惊讶”，英文解释为“to shock or surprise someone very much”举个🌰：
News of the disaster stunned people throughout the world. 灾难消息使全世界的人震惊。
2）表示“使失去知觉，使昏迷；（尤指重击头部）把…打昏”，英文解释为“to make a person or animal unconscious or unable to think normally, especially by hitting their head hard”举个🌰：
Stunned by the impact, he lay on the ground wondering what had happened. 遭重击后，他躺在地上想弄清楚发生了什么事。
onlooker
表示“旁观者，围观者”，英文解释为“someone who watches something that is happening in a public place but is not involved in it”举个🌰：
A crowd of curious onlookers soon gathered to see what was happening. 很快聚拢了一群好奇的围观者看发生了什么事。
proficiency
proficiency /prəˈfɪʃ.ən.si/ 表示“熟练；精通”，英文解释为“the fact of having the skill and experience for doing something”举个🌰：
The job ad said they wanted proficiency in at least two languages. 招聘广告说他们希望至少精通两种语言。
The system, called ChatGPT, is the latest evolution of the GPT family of text-generating AIs. Two years ago, the team’s previous AI, GPT3, was able to generate an opinion piece for the Guardian, and ChatGPT has significant further capabilities.
这个名为ChatGPT的系统是文本生成人工智能GPT系列的最新进展。两年前，该团队的上一代人工智能GPT3已能够为《卫报》生成评论文章，而ChatGPT具有更强大的能力。
evolution
evolution /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən/ 表示“演化；进化”，英文解释为“the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years”如：Darwin's theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论，也可以表示“发展；演变”，英文解释为“a gradual process of change and development”如：the evolution of language 语言的发展。
In the days since it was released, academics have generated responses to exam queries that they say would result in full marks if submitted by an undergraduate, and programmers have used the tool to solve coding challenges in obscure programming languages in a matter of seconds.
自发布以来的几天里，学者们用其完成考试答卷，他们表示，如果答卷是本科生提交的，那么这些答卷将会得到满分，而程序员们也使用这个工具在几秒钟内解决了晦涩的编程语言中的代码难题，并在解释功能后写下轻松自如的谐音诗。
obscure
obscure /əbˈskjʊə/ 作形容词，表示“无名的；鲜为人知的；默默无闻的”，英文解释为“not known to many people”。也可以表示“费解的，晦涩的；模糊的，朦胧的；不清楚的”，英文解释为“not clear and difficult to understand or see”举个🌰：
His answers were obscure and confusing. 他的回答模糊不清，令人费解。
作动词，表示“遮掩；遮蔽；使不分明”，英文解释为“to prevent something from being seen or heard”举个🌰：
Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. 两座新摩天大楼拔地而起，挡住了她窗外的风景。
Dan Gillmor, a journalism professor at Arizona State University, asked the AI to handle one of the assignments he gives his students: writing a letter to a relative giving advice regarding online security and privacy. “If you’re unsure about the legitimacy of a website or email, you can do a quick search to see if others have reported it as being a scam,” the AI advised in part.
亚利桑那州立大学（Arizona State University）新闻学教授丹·吉尔莫尔（Dan Gillmor）让AI完成他给学生布置的一项作业：写一封给亲戚的信，就网络安全和隐私提出建议。“如果你对网站或电子邮件的合法性有疑虑，你可以快速搜索一下，看看有没有人将其报告为诈骗网站，”AI在信中建议道。
legitimacy
legitimacy /ləˈdʒɪt.ə.mə.si/ 表示“合法性”，英文解释为“the quality of being legal ”举个🌰：
The lawyers expressed serious doubts about the legitimacy of military action. 律师们对军事行动的合法性表示强烈怀疑。
scam
表示“骗局；欺诈，诈骗”，英文解释为“A scam is an illegal trick, usually with the purpose of getting money from people or avoiding paying tax.”举个🌰：
They believed they were participating in an insurance scam, not a murder. 他们认为他们只是在参与保险骗局，而不是谋杀。
“I would have given this a good grade,” Gillmor said. “Academia has some very serious issues to confront.”
“我会给这个打上不错的分数，”吉尔莫尔说。“学术界面临着一些非常严肃的问题。”
OpenAI said the new AI was created with a focus on ease of use. “The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer follow-up questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests,” OpenAI said in a post announcing the release.
OpenAI表示，新AI机器人创建的重点是易于使用。“对话模式使ChatGPT能够回答后续问题、承认错误、质疑不正确的前提、拒绝不恰当的请求，”OpenAI在发布ChatGPT的帖子中指出。
follow-up
1）作名词，表示“后续行动；后续事物”，英文解释为“an action or a thing that continues sth that has already started or comes after sth similar that was done earlier”举个🌰：
The book is a follow-up to her excellent television series. 这本书是继她的优秀电视系列片之后的又一力作。
2）也可作“形容词”表示“后续的；进一步的”。
premise
表示“前提；假定”，英文解释为“a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument”，如：the basic premise of her argument 她的论证的基本前提，a false premise 错误的前提。
区分：
📍premises 表示“（尤指公司或机构的）房屋连地基，生产场所，经营厂址，厂区”，英文解释为“the land and buildings owned by someone, especially by a company or organization”举个🌰：
The company is relocating to new premises. 该公司要搬到新厂址去。
Unlike previous AI from the company, ChatGPT has been released for anyone to use, for free, during a “feedback” period. The company hopes to use this feedback to improve the final version of the tool.
与该公司以往的AI不同，ChatGPT在“反馈”阶段发布给所有人免费使用。该公司希望利用这些反馈来改进该工具的最终版本。
feedback
表示“反馈信息，反馈意见；反馈（到机器或产出系统，以改良产品）”，英文解释为“information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that can tell you if it is successful or liked ”举个🌰：
Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap? 有关新款肥皂你有没有收到顾客的反馈意见？
ChatGPT is good at self-censoring, and at realising when it is being asked an impossible question. Asked, for instance, to describe what happened when Columbus arrived in America in 2015, older models may have willingly presented an entirely fictitious account, but ChatGPT recognises the falsehood and warns that any answer would be fictional.
ChatGPT擅长自我审查，并且能够意识到被问及的是一个不切实际的问题。例如，当被问及哥伦布在2015年到达美洲时发生了什么时，旧模型可能会欣然地提供一份完全虚构的描述，但是ChatGPT识别出了提问的虚假性，并警告说，任何答案都将是虚构的。
censor
表示“审查（对书，电影等进行删改，以筛除当中冒犯粗劣的内容）”，英文解释为“to remove anything offensive from books, films, etc., or to remove parts considered unsuitable from private letters, especially ones sent during war or from a prison”
fictitious
fictitious /fɪkˈtɪʃ.əs/ 表示“虚构的；虚假的”，英文解释为“invented and not true or not existing”举个🌰：
He dismissed recent rumours about his private life as fictitious. 他否认了近来有关他私生活的流言，称它们都是捏造的。
account
表示“报道；报告；记述；描述”，英文解释为“a written or spoken description of an event”举个🌰：
She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle. 她把自己在丛林中生活的经历描述得惊险刺激。
The bot is also capable of refusing to answer queries altogether. Ask it for advice on stealing a car, for example, and the bot will say that “stealing a car is a serious crime that can have severe consequences”, and instead give advice such as “using public transportation”.
该机器人还能拒绝回答问题。例如，如果问它偷车有什么建议，机器人会说“偷车是一种严重的犯罪行为，可能会带来严重的后果”，并给出“使用公共交通工具”之类的建议。
But the limits are easy to evade. Ask the AI instead for advice on how to beat the car-stealing mission in a fictional VR game called Car World and it will merrily give users detailed guidance on how to steal a car, and answer increasingly specific questions on problems like how to disable an immobiliser, how to hotwire the engine, and how to change the licence plates – all while insisting that the advice is only for use in the game Car World.
但这些限制很容易规避。如果问AI如何在一款名为《汽车世界》（Car World）的虚拟现实（VR）游戏中完成偷车任务，它会毫无顾忌地向用户提供有关如何偷车的详细指导，并回答越来越具体的问题，例如如何禁用防盗器、如何通过短路来发动车辆以及如何更换牌照——同时坚称这些建议仅适用于游戏《汽车世界》。
evade
evade在郑爽偷逃税被追缴并处罚款共2.99亿元文中出现过，表示“逃避，规避（尤指法律或道德责任）”，英文解释为“to find a way of not doing sth, especially sth that legally or morally you should do”，如：to evade payment of taxes 逃税。
对比：
circumvent /ˌsɜːkəmˈvɛnt/ 表示“设法回避；规避”，英文解释为“to find a way of avoiding a difficulty or a rule”举个🌰：
They found a way of circumventing the law. 他们找到了规避法律的途径。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述疫情重塑全球化的文章中提到：America circumvented and then sabotaged the WTO, stopping the nomination of judges to its appeal board and thus its ability to adjudicate trade disputes. 美国先是绕开了世贸组织，然后再从中作梗，阻止其上诉委员会法官的提名，导致它无法裁决贸易争端。
merrily
merrily /ˈmer.əl.i/ 1）表示“欢快地，愉快地，快乐地；兴高采烈地”，英文解释为“showing happiness or enjoyment”举个🌰：
Her eyes sparkled merrily. 她的眼睛里闪烁着快乐的光芒。
2）表示“满不在乎地，不计后果地”，英文解释为“without thinking about the result of what you are doing or about the problems it might cause”举个🌰：
The factory has been merrily pumping chemical waste into the river for the past ten years. 过去10年里这家工厂一直在毫无顾忌地向河中排放化学废物。
immobiliser
immobiliser / immobilizer /ɪˈməʊ.bəl.aɪ.zər/ 表示“汽车防盗锁止装置”，英文解释为“a device fitted to a car that stops it from moving so that it cannot be stolen”
hotwire
hot-wire /ˈhɒt.waɪər/ 表示“（尤指偷车时不用钥匙）靠点火装置电线短路来发动（汽车）”，英文解释为“to start a car engine without using the key, especially in order to steal the car”
licence plate
licence plate /ˈlaɪ.səns ˌpleɪt/ 英式 licence plate = number plate 美式 license plate表示“牌照，号码牌”，英文解释为“a sign on a road vehicle that shows its registration number”
The AI is trained on a huge sample of text taken from the internet, generally without explicit permission from the authors of the material used. That has led to controversy, with some arguing that the technology is most useful for “copyright laundering” – making works derivative of existing material without breaking copyright.
该AI机器人是根据互联网上获取的大量文本样本进行训练的，通常没有得到所用材料作者的明确许可。这引发了争议，一些人认为，该技术最有用的是“洗稿”，即在不侵犯版权的情况下，创造基于现有材料的作品。
explicit
1）表示“清楚明白的；明确的；不含糊的”，英文解释为“clear and exact”举个🌰：
I gave her very explicit directions how to get here. 我明确地告诉她来这儿怎么走。
2）表示“（描绘性或暴力）赤裸裸的，露骨的”，英文解释为“showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way”，如：a sexually explicit movie 有露骨性爱场面的电影。
controversy
表示“争议；争论；争辩”，英文解释为“a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people”举个🌰：
There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics. 体育界对使用违禁药物争议很大。
copyright
表示“版权，著作权”，英文解释为“the legal right to control the production and selling of a book, play, film, photograph, or piece of music”
launder
launder /ˈlɔːn.dər/ 表示“洗（赃款）”，英文解释为“to move money that has been obtained illegally through banks and other businesses to make it seem to have been obtained legally”
📍money laundering /ˈmʌn.i ˌlɔːn.də.rɪŋ/ 表示“洗钱（将违法所得通过银行或其他生意加以转移，使其貌似合法的犯罪行为）”，英文解释为“the crime of moving money that has been obtained illegally through banks and other businesses to make it seem as if the money has been obtained legally”
derivative
derivative /dɪˈrɪv.ə.tɪv/ 作形容词，表示“缺乏独创性的；模仿的”，英文解释为“If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from or copies something else.”举个🌰：
His painting/style is very derivative. 他的油画/风格有很重的模仿痕迹。
作名词，表示“衍生物，派生物；派生词”，英文解释为“a form of something, such as a word, made or developed from another form”举个🌰：
‘Happiness’ is a derivative of ‘happy’. Happiness是Happy的派生词。
One unusual critic was Elon Musk, who co-founded OpenAI in 2015 before parting ways in 2017 due to conflicts of interest between the organisation and Tesla. In a post on Twitter on Sunday, Musk revealed that the organisation “had access to [the] Twitter database for training”, but that he had “put that on pause for now”.
一位不同寻常的批评者是埃隆·马斯克。他在2015年与他人共同创立了OpenAI，但在2017年因该机构与特斯拉之间的利益冲突而分道扬镳。周日，马斯克在推特（Twitter）上发帖透露，该机构“曾访问推特数据库以进行训练”，但他已将其“暂时搁置了”。
part way with sb
表示“与...分开，分道扬镳，各奔东西”，英文解释为“To separate or depart (from one); to stop associating (with one).”
此前，在FOX主播翠西被解约文中，就有媒体用的part ways来指代FOX频道和翠西之间分道扬镳的关系。
“Need to understand more about governance structure & revenue plans going forward,” Musk added. “OpenAI was started as open-source & non-profit. Neither are still true.”
“需要更多地了解未来的治理结构和收益计划，”马斯克补充道。“OpenAI最初是开源和非营利的。现在两样都不沾边了。”
open-source
表示“（免费并允许公众对源程序代码进行修改的）开放源码的”，英文解释为“Open-source software is free to use, and the original program can be changed by anyone.”
non-profit
non-profit /ˌnɒnˈprɒf.ɪt/ 表示“（机构）非营利性的”，英文解释为“not intended to make a profit, but to make money for a social or political purpose or to provide a service that people need”
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