“我把这篇文章拿给我妈看，她说明天再收拾你.....”
听说，今天是国际不打小孩日。
1998年，美国一个反体罚组织—有效管教中心（Center For Effective Discipline）发起名为国际不打小孩日的活动，将每年的4月30日定为国际不打小孩日（International SpankOut Day），它的口号：请你试试看，至少在今天不要打小孩，或者你将会发现，今天过后的每一天，你都不需要打小孩了。
🤔️小作业：
1. According to the review, which of the following is NOT considered a type of physical punishment that was studied?
A) Hitting a child with an object.
B) Washing a child’s mouth out with soap.
C) Threatening a child with a knife or gun.
D) Using a stern tone of voice to reprimand a child.
2. Which of the following was the most consistent negative outcome associated with physical punishment according to the review?
A) Decreased cognitive skills in young children.
B) Increased risk of severe violence or neglect.
C) Signs of oppositional defiant disorder.
D) More external problem behaviors over time.
A) Yes, it did.
B) No, it did not.
C) The review did not examine this question.
D) The review found mixed results.
无注释原文：
Spanking can worsen a child’s behavior and do real harm, study finds
From: CNN
June 28, 2021
Physical punishment does not appear to improve a child’s positive behavior or social competence over time, according to a review of 69 studies from the US, Canada, China, Colombia, Greece, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
The review, published Monday in the journal Lancet, found physical punishment such as spanking is “harmful to children’s development and well-being,” said senior author Elizabeth Gershoff, a professor in human development and family sciences at The University of Texas at Austin.
“Parents hit their children because they think doing so will improve their behavior,” Gershoff said. “Unfortunately for parents who hit, our research found clear and compelling evidence that physical punishment does not improve children’s behavior and instead makes it worse.”
Children acted out more after punishment
To measure the impact of spanking and other physical punishments that parents might typically choose to discipline a child, the review excluded verbal and “severe” types of physical punishment that would be characterized as child abuse.
That included such actions as “hitting a child with an object; hitting or slapping on the face, head or ears; throwing an object at a child; beating; hitting with a fist; punching; kicking; washing a child’s mouth out with soap; throwing down; choking; burning; scalding; and threatening with a knife or gun,” Gershoff said.
Some studies in the review found mixed results, seeing some positive and negative effects associated with physical punishment. But the majority of the studies showed a significant negative impact in a number of ways.
The most “consistent support,” in 13 of 19 independent studies, was that spanking and other forms of child punishment created more external problem behaviors over time, Gershoff said, such as “increased aggression, increased antisocial behavior, and increased disruptive behavior in school.”
Acting out by children who were physically punished occurred no matter the child’s sex, race or ethnicity, the review found.
One study, done in Colombia in South America, found that young children who were physically punished gained “fewer cognitive skills” than did those who were not physically punished, the review found.
Seven of the studies Gershoff and her team reviewed examined the association between the frequency of physical punishment and a child’s negative behavior over time. Five of the seven found a “dose-response effect,” she said.
“In other words, as physical punishment increased in frequency, so did its likelihood of predicting worse outcomes over time,” she said.
Some studies in the review found physical punishment increased conduct problems and signs of oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by temper tantrums, argumentative and defiant behavior, active defiance and refusal to follow rules, spitefulness and vindictiveness.
Another outcome was that physical punishment increased the risk that children would experience severe violence or neglect that might trigger involvement by child protective services.
Finally, the review found that any negative outcomes of corporal punishment were not eased by parenting style. Four out of five studies found that an overall warm and positive parenting style “did not buffer the effect of physical punishment on an increase in behavior problems.”
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Spanking can worsen a child’s behavior and do real harm, study finds
From: CNN
June 28, 2021
Physical punishment does not appear to improve a child’s positive behavior or social competence over time, according to a review of 69 studies from the US, Canada, China, Colombia, Greece, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
一项对来自美国、加拿大、中国、哥伦比亚、希腊、日本、瑞士、土耳其和英国69项研究的综述表明，体罚似乎并不能长期改善孩子的积极行为或社会能力。
spank
作动词，表示“ 用手打（小孩的）屁股”，英文解释为“If someone spanks a child, they punish them by hitting them on the bottom several times with their hand.”举个🌰：When I used to do that when I was a kid, my mom would spank me. 我小时候做那种事时，我妈妈总是打我的屁股。
The review, published Monday in the journal Lancet, found physical punishment such as spanking is “harmful to children’s development and well-being,” said senior author Elizabeth Gershoff, a professor in human development and family sciences at The University of Texas at Austin.
得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校（The University of Texas at Austin）人类发展和家庭科学教授、资深作者伊丽莎白·格肖夫伊丽莎白·格什霍夫（Elizabeth Gershoff）说，这项周一发表在《柳叶刀》（Lancet）杂志上的研究综述发现，打屁股等体罚“对儿童的发展和福祉有害”。
review
可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“审查，复查；重新考虑”，英文解释为“to carefully examine or consider sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes”如：to review the evidence 复查证据。
2）作名词，表示“（对书籍、戏剧、电影等的）评介，评论”，英文解释为“a report in a newspaper or magazine, or on the Internet, television or radio, in which sb gives their opinion of a book, play, film/movie, etc.; the act of writing this kind of report”
3）表示“综述；报告；汇报；述评；回顾”，英文解释为“a report on a subject or on a series of events ”
“Parents hit their children because they think doing so will improve their behavior,” Gershoff said. “Unfortunately for parents who hit, our research found clear and compelling evidence that physical punishment does not improve children’s behavior and instead makes it worse.”
“父母打孩子是因为他们认为这样做会改善他们的行为，”格什霍夫说。“不幸的是，对于打孩子的父母来说，我们的研究发现了明确而令人信服的证据，表明体罚不会改善孩子的行为，反而会使其变得更糟。”
compelling
1）表示“令人信服的”，英文解释为“A compelling argument or reason is one that convinces you that something is true or that something should be done.”举个🌰：Factual and forensic evidence makes a suicide verdict the most compelling answer to the mystery of his death. 事实和法庭证据使自杀的判定成为对他死亡之谜最令人信服的解答。
2）表示“引人入胜的”，英文解释为“If you describe something such as a film or book, or someone's appearance, as compelling, you mean you want to keep looking at it or reading it because you find it so interesting.”举个🌰：Her latest book makes compelling reading. 她新出的书读起来扣人心弦。
Children acted out more after punishment 孩子们受到惩罚后更调皮
To measure the impact of spanking and other physical punishments that parents might typically choose to discipline a child, the review excluded verbal and “severe” types of physical punishment that would be characterized as child abuse.
为了衡量父母在管教孩子时通常会选择的打屁股等体罚方式的影响，该研究综述排除了被定性为虐待儿童的口头和“严重”的体罚方式。
act out
act out表示“（因为不满或痛苦而）发泄或行为不当”，英文解释为“to behave badly because you are unhappy or upset, often in ways that you are not aware of”举个🌰：These kids act out because their lives are a mess. 这些孩子行为不当是因为他们的生活一团糟。
discipline
作名词，表示“知识领域；（尤指大学的）学科，科目，专业”，英文解释为“an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university”，也可以表示“训练；训导；纪律；风纪”，英文解释为“the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training”；
作动词，1）表示“惩罚，惩罚”，英文解释为“to punish someone”举个🌰：The workman was disciplined by his company but not dismissed. 这名工人被他的公司处罚了，但没有被开除。
2）表示“训练，教导”，英文解释为“to teach someone to behave in a controlled way”，如：a guide to the best ways of disciplining your child 管教子女最佳方法指南。
3）表示“自我控制；严格要求（自己）”，英文解释为“to control the way you behave and make yourself do things that you believe you should do”，举个🌰：He disciplined himself to exercise at least three times a week. 他规定自己每周至少锻炼三次。
exclude
1）表示“排除…；不考虑…；认为…不可能”，英文解释为“to decide that something is not true or possible”举个🌰：We can't exclude the possibility that he is dead. 我们不能排除他已经死亡的可能性。
2）表示“阻止…进入；把…排斥在外”，英文解释为“to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity”举个🌰：Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation. 在手术过程中，要尽可能防止细菌进入手术室。
🎬电影《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）中的台词提到：Children, I exhort you to shun her, exclude her, shut her out from this day forth. 孩子们，奉劝你们离她远点，排斥她，从今天起与她隔绝。
verbal
verbal /ˈvɜːbəl/ 1）表示“口头的”，英文解释为“You use verbal to indicate that something is expressed in speech rather than in writing or action.”举个🌰：They were jostled and subjected to a torrent of verbal abuse. 他们被推来搡去，并受到了潮水般的辱骂。
2）表示“词语的；文字的”，英文解释为“You use verbal to indicate that something is connected with words and the use of words.”举个🌰：The test has scores for verbal skills, mathematical skills, and abstract reasoning skills. 该项测试对文字表达技能、数学技能和抽象推理技能进行记分。
🎬电影《旗鼓相当》（Grudge Match）中的台词提到：And I say, "Well, women are more verbal than men." 然后我说“女人比男人更善于言辞。”
characterize
characterize /ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz/ 1）表示“归纳…的特征；描述…的特性”，英文解释为“to describe something by stating its main qualities”举个🌰：In her essay, she characterizes the whole era as a period of radical change. 她在文章中将整个时代的特征归纳为一个急剧变化的时期。
2）表示“是…的特征；为…所特有”，英文解释为“Something that characterizes another thing is typical of it.”举个🌰：Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings. 明亮的色彩和大胆的笔触是他早期绘画作品的特征。
That included such actions as “hitting a child with an object; hitting or slapping on the face, head or ears; throwing an object at a child; beating; hitting with a fist; punching; kicking; washing a child’s mouth out with soap; throwing down; choking; burning; scalding; and threatening with a knife or gun,” Gershoff said.
其中包括“用物体打孩子；拍打脸部、头部或耳朵；向小孩扔东西；敲打；用拳头打；用拳猛击；踢；让孩子嘴巴放干净点；摔在地上；掐；烧；烫；用刀或枪威胁，”格什霍夫说。
slap
表示“拍，打；掌掴”，英文解释为“to hit someone or something with the flat part of the hand or other flat object”举个🌰：She slapped his face. 她给了他一记耳光。
punch
1）表示“用拳猛击”，英文解释为“If you punch someone or something, you hit them hard with your fist.”举个🌰：After punching him on the chin she wound up hitting him over the head. 她对准他的下巴猛击一拳，最后又在他的头上打了一拳。
2）表示“按（键或钮）”，英文解释为“If you punch something such as the buttons on a keyboard, you touch them in order to store information on a machine such as a computer or to give the machine a command to do something.”举个🌰：She strode to the lift and punched the button. 她大步走到电梯前按了一下按钮。
washing one's mouth out with soap
字面意思“用肥皂洗嘴巴”，是一种习惯用语，意思是强烈训斥或严厉谴责某人因使用不恰当的言语。这并不一定意味着实际上要用肥皂清洗一个人的嘴巴，而是隐含着一种严厉的口头警告或惩罚。可以解释为：嘴巴放干净点。
choke
可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“（使）窒息；（使）哽噎；（使）呼吸困难”，英文解释为“If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat. She choked to death on a fish bone. To make someone stop breathing by pressing their throat with the hands”举个🌰：The men pushed him into the entrance of a nearby building, where they choked him with his tie. 那些男人把他推进了附近一座大楼的入口处，然后在那里用他的领带将他勒死了。
scald
scald /skɔːld/ 表示“烫伤”，英文解释为“to burn the skin with boiling liquid or steam”举个🌰：I dropped a pan of boiling water and scalded my leg. 我一锅沸水没端住，把腿烫伤了。
Some studies in the review found mixed results, seeing some positive and negative effects associated with physical punishment. But the majority of the studies showed a significant negative impact in a number of ways.
该综述中的一些研究发现结果不一，体罚有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。但大部分研究表明，在许多方面都有明显的负面影响。
The most “consistent support,” in 13 of 19 independent studies, was that spanking and other forms of child punishment created more external problem behaviors over time, Gershoff said, such as “increased aggression, increased antisocial behavior, and increased disruptive behavior in school.”
格什霍夫说，在19项独立研究中，有13项最“一致的证据”是，随着时间的推移，打屁股等形式的儿童惩罚导致更多的外部问题行为，比如“攻击性增加、反社会行为增加、在学校的破坏性行为增加”。
aggression
表示“侵略；侵犯；攻击；挑衅”，英文解释为“spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone or something”举个🌰：Some types of dog are bred for aggression. 某些品种的狗是养来起攻击作用的。
Acting out by children who were physically punished occurred no matter the child’s sex, race or ethnicity, the review found.
该研究综述发现，受到体罚的孩子，无论性别、种族或民族，都会表现出这种不当行为。
ethnicity
ethnicity /eθˈnɪsəti/ 表示“种族特点；种族渊源 ”，英文解释为“Ethnicity is the state or fact of belonging to a particular ethnic group.”举个🌰：He said his ethnicity had not been important to him. 他说他的种族渊源对他向来都不重要。
One study, done in Colombia in South America, found that young children who were physically punished gained “fewer cognitive skills” than did those who were not physically punished, the review found.
该研究综述指出，在南美洲哥伦比亚进行的一项研究发现，受到体罚的孩子比没有受到体罚的孩子获得的“认知技能更少”。
cognitive
表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。
Seven of the studies Gershoff and her team reviewed examined the association between the frequency of physical punishment and a child’s negative behavior over time. Five of the seven found a “dose-response effect,” she said.
格什霍夫及其团队的综述中，有七项研究分析了体罚频率与儿童负面行为之间的关系。她说，七项研究中有五项发现了“剂量-反应效应”。
dose
1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；
2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：He received a hefty dose of bad news this week. 本周他得到了许多坏消息。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。
“In other words, as physical punishment increased in frequency, so did its likelihood of predicting worse outcomes over time,” she said.
“换句话说，随着体罚频率的增加，在一段时间内预测出更糟糕结果的可能性也增加了，”她说。
Some studies in the review found physical punishment increased conduct problems and signs of oppositional defiant disorder, which is characterized by temper tantrums, argumentative and defiant behavior, active defiance and refusal to follow rules, spitefulness and vindictiveness.
综述中的一些研究发现，体罚会增加品行问题和对立违抗性障碍（oppositional defiant disorder, ODD）的表现，后者的特征是脾气暴躁、争论和违抗性行为、主动违抗和拒绝遵守规则、恶意和报复心理。
oppositional
1）表示“对立的”，英文解释为“relating to or based on one group opposing another”如：oppositional politics 对立性的政治；
2）表示“拒绝听从指挥的”，英文解释为“refusing to obey instructions or to do what people want you to do”举个🌰：These children are not just being oppositional for no reason. 这些孩子并不是无缘无故地不听话。
defiant
defiant /dɪˈfaɪ.ənt/ 表示“对抗的，违抗的；挑衅的”，英文解释为“proudly refusing to obey authority”如：a defiant attitude/gesture 挑衅的态度/姿态。
tantrum
tantrum /ˈtæntrəm/ 表示“发脾气；发怒；耍脾气，使性子”，英文解释为：a sudden period of uncontrolled anger like a young child's，举个🌰：He had/threw a tantrum in the shop because I wouldn't buy him any sweets. 因为我不给他买糖，他便在商店里耍脾气。Children often have temper tantrums at the age of two or thereabouts. 儿童在两岁左右经常爱使性子。
argumentative
argumentative /ˌɑːɡ.jəˈmen.tə.tɪv/ 表示“好争辩的；好争吵的”，英文解释为“often arguing or wanting to argue”举个🌰：Don't be so argumentative. 别那么好争辩。
spitefulness
spitefulness /ˈspaɪt.fəl.nəs/ 表示“恶意；居心不良”，英文解释为“the quality of wanting to annoy, upset, or hurt another person, because you feel angry towards them”举个🌰：There is an incredible level of small-minded immaturity and spitefulness among some people. 有些人令人难以置信地心胸狭窄、不成熟，充满恶意。
vindictiveness
vindictiveness /vɪnˈdɪk.tɪv.nəs/ 表示“报复心；复仇的意图”，英文解释为“the quality or an act of showing a wish to harm someone because you think they have harmed you”举个🌰：The refusal to grant him parole is sheer vindictiveness. 拒绝予以他假释纯粹是为了报复。
Another outcome was that physical punishment increased the risk that children would experience severe violence or neglect that might trigger involvement by child protective services.
另一个结果是，体罚增加了儿童遭受严重暴力或疏于看管的风险，这可能引发儿童保护服务的介入。
trigger
1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个🌰：Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction. 坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。
2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个🌰：A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger. 一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。
类似的还有：
📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination. 这首诗能够激发起想象力。
📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
Finally, the review found that any negative outcomes of corporal punishment were not eased by parenting style. Four out of five studies found that an overall warm and positive parenting style “did not buffer the effect of physical punishment on an increase in behavior problems.”
最后，该研究综述发现，任何体罚的负面结果都不会因家长的育儿方式而缓解。五项研究中有四项发现，总体上温暖和积极的育儿方式“不能缓解体罚对行为问题增加的影响”。
corporal
corporal /ˈkɔː.pər.əl/ 表示“身体的，肉体的”，英文解释为“of or relating to the body”
buffer
作名词，表示“缓冲物；起缓冲作用的人”，英文解释为“something or someone that helps protect from harm”。
作动词，buffer /ˈbʌf.ər/ 表示“提供保护，使不受伤害；减少，减缓（伤害）”，英文解释为“to provide protection against harm；to reduce the harmful effects of sth”如：to buffer the effects of stress on health 减少压力对健康的影响。
- 今日要点 -
Physical punishment harms children's development and well-being. Spanking does not improve positive behavior or social competence. It creates more external problem behaviors such as aggression, antisocial behavior, and disruptive behavior in school. Physical punishment increases the risk of severe violence or neglect triggering child protective services involvement. Warm and positive parenting style cannot buffer the effect of physical punishment on an increase in behavior problems.
Negative Effects of Physical Punishment
No improvement in positive behavior or social competence Increased aggressive, antisocial, and disruptive behavior in school Fewer cognitive skills in young children Conduct problems and signs of oppositional defiant disorder Increased risk of severe violence or neglect triggering child protective services involvement
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2023年4月30日
第3004天
每天持续行动学外语