世卫组织建议勿用非糖甜味剂控制体重
近日，世界卫生组织发布了一项关于非糖甜味剂的新指南，建议不要使用非糖甜味剂来控制体重，或以此降低非传染性疾病的风险。
证据表明，使用非糖甜味剂对减少成人或儿童的体脂没有任何长期益处。长期使用非糖甜味剂可能会产生潜在的不良影响，例如成人患2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和死亡率的风险增加。
🤔️小作业：
1. What is Francesco Branca's position regarding artificial sweeteners in the diet?
A. They are essential dietary factors.
B. They should be replaced with natural sugars.
C. Their use should be reduced, starting early in life.
D. They have significant nutritional value.
2. According to the Calorie Control Council, what is their stance on the research about erythritol?
A. They are skeptical of the research.
B. They agree with the findings and plan to discontinue the use of erythritol.
C. They are conducting their own research to validate the findings.
D. They believe that erythritol should be used in moderation.
无注释原文：
WHO warns against artificial sweeteners for weight loss in new guidance
From: CBS NEWS
People looking to lose weight should skip sugar substitutes, according to new guidance from the World Health Organization.
The United Nations agency said Monday that a systematic review of the available evidence suggests use of non-sugar sweeteners "does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children."
It also shows there may be "potential undesirable effects" from the long-term use of these sweeteners, such as an "increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults."
Replacing sugar with non-sugar sweeteners "does not help with weight control in the long term. People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages," Francesco Branca, WHO Director for Nutrition and Food Safety, said in a press release. Artificial sweeteners "are not essential dietary factors and have no nutritional value. People should reduce the sweetness of the diet altogether, starting early in life, to improve their health."
The recommendation applies to all people except individuals with pre-existing diabetes, the review says, as assessing this group was simply beyond the scope of the data used.
What artificial sweeteners are bad for you?
WHO's recommendation encompasses "all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners that are not classified as sugars" found in manufactured foods and beverages or sold on their own to be added to foods and beverages.
The agency notes common varieties include acesulfame K, aspartame, advantame, cyclamates, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, stevia and stevia derivatives.
This guidance comes months after a study found erythritol, a zero-calorie sugar substitute used to sweeten low-cal, low-carb and "keto" products, is linked to higher risk of heart attack, stroke and death.
Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic studied over 4,000 people in the U.S. and Europe and found those with higher blood erythritol levels were at elevated risk of experiencing these major adverse cardiac events. The research, published in the journal Nature Medicine, also found erythritol made blood platelets easier to form a clot.
In response to those findings, in February, Robert Rankin, executive director of the Calorie Control Council, an international association representing the low- and reduced-calorie food and beverage industry, told CBS News the results are "contrary to decades of scientific research showing low- and no-calorie sweeteners like erythritol are safe, as evidenced by global regulatory permissions for their use in foods and beverages, and should not be extrapolated to the general population, as the participants in the intervention were already at increased risk for cardiovascular events."
Sugar-free products containing erythritol have been previously recommended for people with obesity, diabetes or metabolic syndrome as ways to manage sugar and calorie intake. Erythritol is one ingredient in the common calorie-free stevia sweetener Truvia, for example.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
WHO warns against artificial sweeteners for weight loss in new guidance
From: CBS NEWS
People looking to lose weight should skip sugar substitutes, according to new guidance from the World Health Organization.
根据世界卫生组织（World Health Organization）的新指南，想要减肥的人应该避免食用糖替代品。
substitute
1）作名词，表示“代替者；代替物；代用品；（体育比赛中的）替补队员”，英文解释为“a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have”，如：a meat substitute 肉食替代品。
2）作动词，表示“用…代替，代之以”，英文解释为“to use something or someone instead of another thing or person”举个🌰：You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. 这道菜中你可以用食用油代替黄油。
The United Nations agency said Monday that a systematic review of the available evidence suggests use of non-sugar sweeteners "does not confer any long-term benefit in reducing body fat in adults or children."
该联合国机构周一表示，对现有证据的系统性综述表明，使用非糖甜味剂“对减少成人或儿童的体脂没有任何长期益处。”
review
可以作动词，也可以作名词，1）表示“审查，复查；重新考虑”，英文解释为“to carefully examine or consider sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes”如：to review the evidence 复查证据。
2）作名词，表示“（对书籍、戏剧、电影等的）评介，评论”，英文解释为“a report in a newspaper or magazine, or on the Internet, television or radio, in which sb gives their opinion of a book, play, film/movie, etc.; the act of writing this kind of report”
3）表示“综述；报告；汇报；述评；回顾”，英文解释为“a report on a subject or on a series of events ”
sweetener
表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”
confer
confer /kənˈfɜːr/ 1）表示“授予（称号、荣誉）；赋予（优势）”，英文解释为“to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone”举个🌰：An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Peking University. 北京大学授予他荣誉博士学位。
2）表示“（常指为达成行动决议而）商讨，商议，协商”，英文解释为“to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take”举个🌰：I need some time to confer with my lawyer. 我想花点时间跟我的律师商量一下。
🎬电影《小妇人》（Little Women）中的台词提到：No, writing doesn't confer importance. It reflects it. 不 写作并不能让一件事情变得重要 只能反映其重要性。
It also shows there may be "potential undesirable effects" from the long-term use of these sweeteners, such as an "increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in adults."
研究还表明，长期使用这些甜味剂可能会产生“潜在的不良影响”，比如“增加患2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和死亡率的风险”。
undesirable
undesirable /ˌʌn.dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bəl/ 表示“令人讨厌的；不受欢迎的”，英文解释为“not wanted, approved of, or popular”举个🌰：Houses near industrial sites often do not sell so quickly because they are regarded as undesirable. 工厂附近的房子销路不是很好，因为人们认为那里的环境不理想。
cardiovascular
cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə/ 表示“心血管的”，英文解释为“Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels.”举个🌰：Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. 吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。
mortality
mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。
区分：
📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。
Replacing sugar with non-sugar sweeteners "does not help with weight control in the long term. People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverages," Francesco Branca, WHO Director for Nutrition and Food Safety, said in a press release. Artificial sweeteners "are not essential dietary factors and have no nutritional value. People should reduce the sweetness of the diet altogether, starting early in life, to improve their health."
用非糖甜味剂代替糖“从长远来看并不利于控制体重。人们需要考虑其他方法来减少游离糖的摄入，比如食用含有天然糖的食物，如水果或者不加糖的食物和饮料，”世卫组织营养和食品安全部门负责人弗朗西斯科·布兰卡（Francesco Branca）在一份新闻稿中说。人工甜味剂“并不是必需的膳食要素，也没有营养价值。人们应该尽早开始，减少饮食的甜味，以改善健康。”
intake
intake /ˈɪn.teɪk/ 表示“摄入量”，英文解释为“the amount of a particular substance that is eaten or drunk during a particular time”
beverage
表示“饮料”，英文解释为“Beverages are drinks.”如：alcoholic beverages 含酒精的饮料。
artificial
表示“人造的，人工的；仿造的”，英文解释为“made by people, often as a copy of something natural”如：clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维面料的服装。
essential
essential /ɪˈsen.ʃəl/ 作名词，表示“必需品；不可缺少的东西”，英文解释为“a basic thing that you cannot live without”举个🌰：When we go on holiday, we only take the bare essentials. 我们去度假时，只带一些最基本的必需品。
作形容词，表示“必要的，必不可少的”，英文解释为“necessary or needed”举个🌰：Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed. 这个项目能否成功，政府的支持至关重要。
dietary
表示“饮食的”，英文解释为“relating to your diet”举个🌰：Dietary habits can be very difficult to change. 饮食习惯很难改变。
nutritional
nutritional /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən.əl/ 表示“营养（学）的”，英文解释为“relating to nutrition”举个🌰：Chemical sweeteners have no nutritional value. 化学甜味剂毫无营养价值。
The recommendation applies to all people except individuals with pre-existing diabetes, the review says, as assessing this group was simply beyond the scope of the data used.
该建议适用于除糖尿病患者外的所有人，因为评估这一群体超出了所用数据的范围。
recommendation
recommendation /ˌrek.ə.menˈdeɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“提议，建议；意见”，英文解释为“advice telling someone what the best thing to do is”举个🌰：The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built. 该报告建议不要再建新的监狱。
2）表示“推荐，介绍”，英文解释为“a suggestion that something is good or suitable for a particular purpose or job”举个🌰：I bought this computer on his recommendation (= because he told me that it was good). 我买的这台电脑是他推荐的。
diabetes
diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtɪs, -tiːz/ 表示“糖尿病”，英文解释为“a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.”
What artificial sweeteners are bad for you? 哪些人工甜味剂对你有害？
WHO's recommendation encompasses "all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners that are not classified as sugars" found in manufactured foods and beverages or sold on their own to be added to foods and beverages.
世卫组织的建议包括“在加工食品和饮料中发现的，或者单独出售以添加到食品和饮料中的所有未被归类为糖的合成的、天然存在的或经改良的非营养性甜味剂”。
encompass
表示“包含，包括（尤指很多不同事物）”，英文解释为“to include different types of things”举个🌰：The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre, and ballet to literature, cinema, and the visual arts. 本届文化节将涵盖从音乐、戏剧、芭蕾到文学、电影、视觉艺术等各种艺术形式。
synthetic
synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ 表示“合成的，人造的”，英文解释为“Synthetic products are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product.”如：synthetic fibres 人造纤维。
modify
表示“（稍作）修改，更改，改造，改变”，英文解释为“to change something such as a plan, opinion, law, or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable”举个🌰：The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form. 这些建议不受欢迎，修改之后才得以接受。
classify
表示“将…分类，将…归类；把…分级”，英文解释为“to divide things into groups according to their type”举个🌰：The books in the library are classified by/according to subject. 图书馆的书是按照学科分类的。
The agency notes common varieties include acesulfame K, aspartame, advantame, cyclamates, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, stevia and stevia derivatives.
该机构指出，常见的非糖甜味剂包括安赛蜜、阿斯巴甜、安美、甜蜜素、纽甜、糖精、三氯蔗糖、甜菊糖和甜菊糖衍生物。
variety
variety /vəˈraɪə.ti/ 1）表示“不同种类；不同品种”，英文解释为“a different type of something”举个🌰：Our supermarket stocks apples in several different varieties. 我们超市有几个不同品种的苹果。
2）表示“多样化；变化”，英文解释为“the characteristic of often changing and being different”举个🌰：When planning meals, you need to think about variety and taste as well as nutritional value. 做饭时，你既需要考虑饭菜的营养价值，又需要考虑饭菜的花样和味道。
derivative
derivative /dɪˈrɪv.ə.tɪv/ 作形容词，表示“缺乏独创性的；模仿的”，英文解释为“If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from or copies something else.”举个🌰：His painting/style is very derivative. 他的油画/风格有很重的模仿痕迹。
作名词，表示“衍生物，派生物；派生词”，英文解释为“a form of something, such as a word, made or developed from another form”举个🌰：‘Happiness’ is a derivative of ‘happy’. Happiness是Happy的派生词。
This guidance comes months after a study found erythritol, a zero-calorie sugar substitute used to sweeten low-cal, low-carb and "keto" products, is linked to higher risk of heart attack, stroke and death.
几个月前，一项研究发现赤藓糖醇（一种用于增加低热量、低碳水化合物和“酮类”产品甜味的零卡路里糖替代品）与心脏病发作、中风和死亡的风险增加有关。
stroke
表示“中风”，英文解释为“a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, sometimes causing a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body”
Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic studied over 4,000 people in the U.S. and Europe and found those with higher blood erythritol levels were at elevated risk of experiencing these major adverse cardiac events. The research, published in the journal Nature Medicine, also found erythritol made blood platelets easier to form a clot.
克利夫兰诊所（Cleveland Clinic）的研究人员对美国和欧洲的4000多人进行了研究，发现血液中赤藓糖醇含量较高的人患这些重大心脏疾病的风险更高。这项发表在《自然医学》杂志上的研究还发现，赤藓糖醇使血小板更容易形成凝块。
elevated
elevated /ˈel.ɪ.veɪ.tɪd/ 1）表示“提高的；升高的；抬高的”，英文解释为“raised”举个🌰：The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated. 医生说我要保持腿部抬高。
2）表示“高出正常水平的；偏高的”，英文解释为“greater than is normal or reasonable”举个🌰：He has a slightly elevated idea of his own importance. 他自视过高。
adverse
表示“不利的；负面的；有害的”，英文解释为“having a negative or harmful effect on something”举个🌰：They received a lot of adverse publicity/criticism about the changes. 这些变化为他们招致种种负面报道/非难。
cardiac
cardiac /ˈkɑː.di.æk/ 表示“心脏的；心脏病的”，英文解释为“of the heart or heart disease”
platelet
platelet /ˈpleɪt.lət/ 表示“血小板”，英文解释为“a very small cell in the blood that makes it thicker and more solid in order to stop bleeding caused by an injury”
clot
clot /klɒt/ 表示“凝块”，英文解释为“an almost solid piece of something”举个🌰：He had a blood clot removed from his brain. 他颅内的一个血块被取了出来。
In response to those findings, in February, Robert Rankin, executive director of the Calorie Control Council, an international association representing the low- and reduced-calorie food and beverage industry, told CBS News the results are "contrary to decades of scientific research showing low- and no-calorie sweeteners like erythritol are safe, as evidenced by global regulatory permissions for their use in foods and beverages, and should not be extrapolated to the general population, as the participants in the intervention were already at increased risk for cardiovascular events."
对于这些发现，卡路里控制委员会（Calorie Control Council）的执行主任罗伯特·兰金（Robert Rankin）在2月份对CBS新闻表示，这些结果“与数十年来的科学研究相矛盾，这些研究表明，像赤藓糖醇这样的低热量和无热量甜味剂是安全的，全球监管机构对它们在食品和饮料中使用的许可就是证明，而且这些结果不应该被推广到一般人群中，因为干预组的参与者已经存在心血管疾病风险增加的问题。”
contrary
contrary /ˈkɒn.trə.ri/ 表示“相反；反面；对立面；相反事物”，英文解释为“the opposite”举个🌰：I was worried that it might be too hard for me but it turned out the contrary was true. 我原来担心那可能对我来说太难了，可是我发现恰恰相反。
作形容词，表示“相反的，对立的；完全不同的”，英文解释为“opposite”如：a contrary point of view 相反的观点。
extrapolate
extrapolate /ɪkˈstræp.ə.leɪt/ 表示“推断；推知”，英文解释为“to guess or think about what might happen using information that is already known”举个🌰：You can't really extrapolate a trend from such a small sample. 你不能仅凭这样一件小小的样品就推断出潮流真正的发展趋势。
Sugar-free products containing erythritol have been previously recommended for people with obesity, diabetes or metabolic syndrome as ways to manage sugar and calorie intake. Erythritol is one ingredient in the common calorie-free stevia sweetener Truvia, for example.
含有赤藓糖醇的无糖产品以前被推荐给肥胖、糖尿病或代谢综合征患者，作为控制糖和卡路里摄入的方法。例如，赤藓糖醇是常见的无卡路里甜菊糖甜味剂Truvia中的一种成分。
obesity
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/ 表示“肥胖”，英文解释为“the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health”。
metabolic
metabolic /ˌmɛtəˈbɒlɪk/ 表示“新陈代谢的”，英文解释为“Metabolic means relating to a person's or animal's metabolism.”举个🌰：People who have inherited a low metabolic rate will gain weight. 因遗传而新陈代谢速度慢的人会发胖。
syndrome
syndrome /ˈsɪndrəʊm/ 表示“综合征，征群，综合症状”，英文解释为“a combination of medical problems that shows the existence of a particular disease or mental condition”
ingredient
1）表示“（成功的）要素，因素”，英文解释为“one of the parts of something successful”举个🌰：Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage. 信任是婚姻幸福的重要因素。
2）表示“（尤指烹调用的）原料”，英文解释为“Ingredients are the things that are used to make something, especially all the different foods you use when you are cooking a particular dish.”举个🌰：Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries. 椰子是多种咖喱菜的基本成分。
- 今日要点 -
Main Findings
Artificial sweeteners not beneficial for weight loss Potential undesirable long-term effects Increased risk of type 2 diabetes Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases Increased mortality in adults
Recommendations
Consume food with naturally occurring sugars Reduce overall sweetness of diet Recommendations apply to everyone except individuals with pre-existing diabetes
Opposition
Calorie Control Council claims results contrary to other research Erythritol is found in many sugar-free products recommended for those with obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome
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