“坐火箭太爽了！”
今天上午9时31分，神舟十六号载人飞船发射取得圆满成功。下午，神舟十六号与空间站完成交会对接，神舟十六号航天员顺利进驻中国空间站。
🤔️小作业：
1. According to the article, why might Gui's selection to the Shenzhou-16 crew have implications for the future criteria for astronaut selection?
A. It shows that civilians are preferred over military personnel for space missions.
B. It demonstrates that astronauts can now wear eyeglasses during space missions.
C. It suggests that specialized roles and division of labor are becoming more important for space missions.
D. It proves that individuals with imperfect vision are suitable for space missions.
2. The phrase "formally embarking on the buildup of one of the humanity's largest and most sophisticated space-based facilities" as used in the article connotes that:
A. The Tiangong space station is the largest in the world.
B. The Tiangong space station is more advanced than other space stations.
C. The construction of the Tiangong space station marks a significant step in China's space exploration plans.
D. The Tiangong space station is entirely built by civilians.
A. Its expected contribution to the study of cardiovascular diseases.
B. The introduction of eyeglasses as an acceptable accessory for astronauts.
C. The involvement of a civilian astronaut, suggesting a shift in crew composition.
D. The fact that it marks the completion of the Tiangong space station.
无注释原文：
China sends first civilian astronaut to space as Shenzhou-16 blasts off
From: CNN
China sent its first civilian astronaut into orbit on Tuesday, as it launched the Shenzhou-16 mission to its space station for its second in-orbit crew rotation, marking another step forward for the country's ambitious space program.
The three Shenzhou-16 astronauts blasted off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the desert of China's Gansu province at 9:31 a.m. on Tuesday morning, headed for the Tiangong space station orbiting earth.
The crew – Jing Haipeng, Zhu Yangzhu, and Gui Haichao – will take over from the Shenzhou-15 astronauts, who have been aboard China's newly completed Tiangong space station since November, to start their own five-month stint aboard the station.
It is China's fifth manned mission to the space station since 2021.
The Shenzhou-15 crew aboard the station were pictured watching the launch of their replacement crew via live stream. The two crews were expected to meet on the station around 6.5 hours time after the launch, state media said.
Among the Shenzhou-16 crew, Gui, a professor at China's prestigious aeronautics institution Beihang University who pursued his postdoctoral studies in Canada, is the first Chinese civilian to be on a spaceflight. All other astronauts have been members of China's People's Liberation Army.
Gui will operate payloads for space experiments, while Jing and Zhu will operate and manage the spacecraft, in addition to carrying out technical tests, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) said in a press conference on Monday introducing the crew.
Jing, the mission commander, is a space veteran who was among China's first team of astronauts in 1998 and has already completed three manned flight missions. The mission marks the first space flights for Zhu and Gui, both born in 1986.
Gui's selection for the crew generated keen interest in Chinese online media, not only for his position as the first civilian astronaut, but because an accessory he was wearing in official photos that's not typically seen on those headed to space – eyeglasses.
Several media outlets on Monday responded to the online discussion over how a person without perfect vision could be physically cleared for a space mission.
State-run China Daily cited former astronaut Yang Liwei, now a top official in China's manned space program, explaining that as division of labor on missions became more specialized, there were different criteria for different crew members.
Several articles also detailed the rigorous training Gui underwent in advance of the mission, including desert field survival, sleep deprivation tests, centrifuge training and underwater drills for operational skills.
NASA's rules for its astronauts states that “distant and near visual acuity must be correctable to 20/20 in each eye”. But it adds: “The use of glasses is acceptable.”
The Shenzhou-16 launch comes as China has rapidly been advancing its capabilities in space – including through the establishment of its Tiangong space station, which completed its basic construction last year and is expected to operate and host astronauts for at least a decade.
This could make it the sole in-orbit outpost for scientific research after the expected end of operations for the International Space Station in 2030.
China has sought to open up its station to collaboration with international partners, including by hosting experiments from other countries.
While in-orbit construction of the space station's T-shaped, three-module structure was completed last year, there are plans to expand the structure and extend its research capabilities in the coming years, according to state media.
Tiangong's core module first entered orbit in 2021, marking the first major step in a space station dream envisioned by the government since 1992.
The moment was hailed by official media at the time as “formally embarking on the buildup of one of the humanity's largest and most sophisticated space-based facilities.”
China will have three space missions for its space station application and development in 2023, the CMSA said earlier this year.
In addition to Tuesday's launch, those include the cargo craft Tianzhou-6, which was launched earlier this month, and the second crewed spaceship Shenzhou-17 later this year.
In its press conference Monday, the CMSA also reiterated China's plan for a manned lunar landing by 2030.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
China sends first civilian astronaut to space as Shenzhou-16 blasts off
From: CNN
China sent its first civilian astronaut into orbit on Tuesday, as it launched the Shenzhou-16 mission to its space station for its second in-orbit crew rotation, marking another step forward for the country's ambitious space program.
周二，中国迈出了其宏大太空计划的又一步，神舟十六号成功发射，首次将一名非军人背景航天员送入太空轨道，并将实现第二次乘组在轨轮换。
civilian
civilian /sɪˈvɪl.jən/ 作名词，表示“平民；老百姓”，英文解释为“a person who is not a member of the police or the armed forces”，作形容词，表示“平民的；民用的”。
astronaut
astronaut /ˈæs.trə.nɔːt/ 表示“宇航员，航天员”，英文解释为“a person who has been trained for travelling in space”
orbit
1）表示“（天体等运行的）轨道”，英文解释为“a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc.”
2）表示“（人、组织等的）影响范围，势力范围”，英文解释为“an area that a particular person, organization, etc. deals with or is able to influence”如：to come/fall/be within sb's orbit 进入/落入/属于某人的势力范围。
crew
1）作名词，表示“全体船员；全体机务人员”，英文解释为“The crew of a ship, an aircraft, or a spacecraft is the people who work on and operate it.”举个🌰：The mission for the crew of the space shuttle is essentially over. 航天飞机全体机务人员的使命基本完成。
2）作名词，表示“一组工作人员”，英文解释为“A crew is a group of people with special technical skills who work together on a task or project.”如：a two-man film crew making a documentary 一个制作纪录片的两人摄制组。
3）作动词，表示“当船员；充当…的船员”，英文解释为“If you crew a boat, you work on it as part of the crew.”举个🌰：This neighbour crewed on a ferryboat. 这位邻居在一艘渡船上当船员。
rotation
rotation /rəʊˈteɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“轮作；换茬（农民有规则地改变地里种植的植物）”，英文解释为“the act by farmers of regularly changing which crops they grow in a field”如：crop rotation 农作物轮作。
2）表示“（尤指围绕一个固定点）旋转，转动”，英文解释为“movement in a circle around a fixed point”如：the speed of rotation 转速。
The three Shenzhou-16 astronauts blasted off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the desert of China's Gansu province at 9:31 a.m. on Tuesday morning, headed for the Tiangong space station orbiting earth.
周二上午9点31分，搭载三名航天员的神舟十六号飞船从中国甘肃省沙漠中的酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空，前往环绕地球运行的天宫空间站。
blast off
表示“（火箭）点火起飞，发射升空”，英文解释为“If a rocket blasts off, it leaves the ground to go into space.”
🎬电影《海啸奇迹》（The Impossible）中在放“孔明灯”时大家就狂喊：Blast off.
The crew – Jing Haipeng, Zhu Yangzhu, and Gui Haichao – will take over from the Shenzhou-15 astronauts, who have been aboard China's newly completed Tiangong space station since November, to start their own five-month stint aboard the station.
这三名航天员——景海鹏、朱杨柱和桂海潮——将接替自去年11月以来在中国新建成的天宫空间站工作的神舟十五号航天员，开始他们在空间站为期五个月的工作。
stint
stint /stɪnt/ 表示“工作期限；（从事某项活动的）规定期限”，英文解释为“a fixed or limited period of time spent doing a particular job or activity”举个🌰：He has just finished a stint of compulsory military service. 他刚刚服完义务兵役。
It is China's fifth manned mission to the space station since 2021.
这是中国自2021年以来前往空间站的第五次载人飞行任务。
manned
表示“（机器、车辆、地方或活动）有人控制的，需人操纵的；载人的”，英文解释为“if a machine, a vehicle, a place or an activity is manned , it has or needs a person to control or operate it”
The Shenzhou-15 crew aboard the station were pictured watching the launch of their replacement crew via live stream. The two crews were expected to meet on the station around 6.5 hours time after the launch, state media said.
据官方媒体报道，神舟十五号乘组通过直播观看了他们的轮换乘组发射任务。预计这两个乘组将在发射后6.5小时左右在空间站会面。
live stream
livestream/live-stream 表示“互联网直播，线上直播，流直播”，英文解释为“to broadcast video and sound of an event over the internet as it happens, or to be broadcast in this way”。
Among the Shenzhou-16 crew, Gui, a professor at China's prestigious aeronautics institution Beihang University who pursued his postdoctoral studies in Canada, is the first Chinese civilian to be on a spaceflight. All other astronauts have been members of China's People's Liberation Army.
神舟十六号的航天员中，桂海潮是中国首次进行载人飞行任务的非军人背景航天员。他在中国著名航空院校北京航空航天大学任教，并曾在加拿大从事博士后研究工作。其他所有航天员都是中国人民解放军军人。
prestigious
prestigious /prɛˈstɪdʒəs/表示“有威望的，有声望的，有威信的”，英文解释为“A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.”举个🌰：It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country. 它是该国设备最好、最有声望的学校之一。
aeronautics
aeronautics /ˌeə.rəˈnɔː.tɪks/ 表示“航空学”，英文解释为“the science of designing, building, and operating aircraft”
postdoctoral
postdoctoral /ˌpəʊstˈdɒk.tər.əl/ 表示“博士后的”，英文解释为“relating to advanced work or study that someone does after completing their PhD”如：her postdoctoral project 她的博士后项目。
Gui will operate payloads for space experiments, while Jing and Zhu will operate and manage the spacecraft, in addition to carrying out technical tests, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) said in a press conference on Monday introducing the crew.
中国载人航天工程办公室（CMSA）在周一的新闻发布会上介绍说，桂海潮主要负责空间科学实验载荷的在轨操作，而景海鹏和朱杨柱主要负责直接操纵、管理航天器，以及开展相关技术试验。
payload
payload /ˈpeɪ.ləʊd/ 表示“飞船携带的设备”，英文解释为“the equipment carried in a spacecraft”或者表示“（运输工具的）净载重量，有用载重量；（导弹的）有效载荷，有效负荷”，英文解释为“the amount of goods or people that a vehicle, such as a truck or aircraft, can carry”
Jing, the mission commander, is a space veteran who was among China's first team of astronauts in 1998 and has already completed three manned flight missions. The mission marks the first space flights for Zhu and Gui, both born in 1986.
指令长景海鹏是一名资深航天员。1998年，他成为中国首批航天员之一，已完成了三次载人飞行任务。而这次是朱杨柱和桂海潮首次执行飞行任务，两人均出生于1986年。
commander
表示“指挥官；司令官”，英文解释为“A commander is an officer in charge of a military operation or organization.”举个🌰：The commander and some of the men had been released. 指挥官和一些士兵已被释放。
veteran
veteran /ˈvetərən/ 1）表示“老手，（在某方面）经验丰富的人”，英文解释为“someone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity”，如：veteran leader/veteran journalist/actor/goalkeeper etc 资深领袖/资深记者/资深演员/经验丰富的守门员等。
2）表示“老兵，退伍军人”，英文解释为“someone who has been in the armed forces during a war”如：a Vietnam veteran 越战老兵。
Gui's selection for the crew generated keen interest in Chinese online media, not only for his position as the first civilian astronaut, but because an accessory he was wearing in official photos that's not typically seen on those headed to space – eyeglasses.
桂海潮的入选在中国网络媒体上引起极大关注，不仅因为他是第一位非军人背景航天员，还因为他在官方照片中佩戴着不常见于即将前往太空的航天员身上的配件 - 眼镜。
accessory
表示“附件，配件，附属品；装饰品，配饰”，英文解释为“something added to a machine or to clothing that has a useful or decorative purpose”举个🌰：She wore a green wool suit with matching accessories (= shoes, hat, bag, etc.). 她身着绿色羊毛套装，全身的配饰都与之配套。
Several media outlets on Monday responded to the online discussion over how a person without perfect vision could be physically cleared for a space mission.
周一，多家媒体就网上关于如何才能让视力不佳的人通过太空任务体检的讨论进行了回应。
State-run China Daily cited former astronaut Yang Liwei, now a top official in China's manned space program, explaining that as division of labor on missions became more specialized, there were different criteria for different crew members.
官方媒体《中国日报》引述中国载人航天计划高级官员、前航天员杨利伟的解释说，随着任务分工更加专业化，不同的乘组人员有不同的标准。
specialized
specialized /ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪzd/ 表示“专门的；专科的”，英文解释为“relating to one particular area or designed for a particular purpose”举个🌰：Her job is very specialized (= involves only one limited area). 她的工作专业性很强。
criteria
criterion /kraɪˈtɪərɪən/ 表示“（判断的）标准，准则，原则”，复数形式为criteria，英文解释为“A criterion is a factor on which you judge or decide something.”举个🌰：The most important criterion for entry is that applicants must design and make their own work. 参加的最重要标准就是申请人必须设计并制作自己的作品。
Several articles also detailed the rigorous training Gui underwent in advance of the mission, including desert field survival, sleep deprivation tests, centrifuge training and underwater drills for operational skills.
同时，还有几篇文章详细介绍了桂海潮在任务前接受的严格训练，包括沙漠野外生存训练、睡眠剥夺实验、离心机训练和水下操作技能训练等。
rigorous
1）表示“严格缜密的；谨慎的；细致的；彻底的”，英文解释为“A test, system, or procedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict.”举个🌰：The selection process is based on rigorous tests of competence and experience. 挑选过程是建立在对能力和经验严格缜密的考核的基础之上的。
2）表示“严格的，严厉的”，英文解释为“controlling behaviour in a severe way”如：the rigorous controls governing the sale of shares 对管理股权出售进行的严格控制。
undergo
表示“经历，经受（令人不快的事或变化） ”，英文解释为“to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change”举个🌰：Playing board games is undergoing a revival in popularity. 棋盘游戏正经历着一场复兴。
🎬电影《白日梦想家》（The Secret Life of Walter Mitty）中的台词提到：But as we undergothis transition to LIFE online... we wanted to be candid with you... 但由于我们处于"生活"杂志网络化的过渡期...所以我们想明白告诉你们...
deprivation
deprivation /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/ 表示“缺失，缺乏，匮乏；丧失；剥夺”，英文解释为“a situation in which you do not have things or conditions that are usually considered necessary for a pleasant life”举个🌰：They used sleep deprivation as a form of torture. 他们把不让睡觉作为一种折磨人的手段。
centrifuge
centrifuge /ˈsen.trɪ.fjuːdʒ/ 表示“离心机”，英文解释为“a machine that turns a container round very quickly, causing the solids and liquids inside it to separate by centrifugal action”
drill
表示“（尤指军事）训练，练习”，英文解释为“an activity that practises a particular skill and often involves repeating the same thing several times, especially a military exercise intended to train soldiers”如：a spelling/pronunciation drill 拼写/发音练习，举个🌰：In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instil a sense of discipline. 这些学校中有一些利用军训来培养纪律观念。
NASA's rules for its astronauts states that “distant and near visual acuity must be correctable to 20/20 in each eye”. But it adds: “The use of glasses is acceptable.”
美国航空航天局（NASA）对航天员的规定是，“每只眼睛远近视力的矫正视力必须到20/20”。但补充称：“可以戴眼镜。”
acuity
acuity /əˈkjuː.ə.ti/ 表示“（听力、视力、思维等的）灵敏度；敏锐”，英文解释为“the ability to hear, see, or think accurately and clearly”举个🌰：Tiredness also affects visual acuity. 疲劳也会影响视敏度。
The Shenzhou-16 launch comes as China has rapidly been advancing its capabilities in space – including through the establishment of its Tiangong space station, which completed its basic construction last year and is expected to operate and host astronauts for at least a decade.
神舟十六号发射之际，中国正在迅速提升其太空能力，包括建立天宫空间站，该空间站去年完成了基础建设，预计将运行和接待航天员至少十年。
This could make it the sole in-orbit outpost for scientific research after the expected end of operations for the International Space Station in 2030.
这可能使其成为2030年国际空间站运行结束后唯一的在轨科研前哨。
sole
sole /səʊl/ 1）表示“唯一的，单一的”，英文解释为“being one only; single”举个🌰：My sole objective is to make the information more widely available. 我唯一的目的就是让更多的人能了解到这些信息。
2）表示“专用的，独享的”，英文解释为“not shared with anyone else”举个🌰：She has sole responsibility for the project. 她独立负责该项目。
3）熟词僻义，作名词，表示“脚底；鞋底”，英文解释为“the bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel”如：a cut on the sole of her foot 她脚底的伤口。
outpost
1）表示“前哨（基地）；驻外办事处；（组织的）边远分部”，英文解释为“a small military camp away from the main army, used for watching an enemy's movements, etc.”；
2）表示“偏远村镇；孤零住区”，英文解释为“a small town or group of buildings in a lonely part of a country”。
China has sought to open up its station to collaboration with international partners, including by hosting experiments from other countries.
中国一直寻求开放其空间站，与国际伙伴合作，包括接收来自其他国家的实验。
While in-orbit construction of the space station's T-shaped, three-module structure was completed last year, there are plans to expand the structure and extend its research capabilities in the coming years, according to state media.
据官方媒体报道，虽然空间站的三舱T字构型在轨建设已于去年完成，但计划在未来几年扩大该结构并扩展其研究能力。
module
module /ˈmɒdjuːl/ 表示“（航天器独立的）舱”，英文解释为“a part of a spacecraft that can operate independently of the other parts, especially when separate from them”。
expand
表示“（使）（尺寸、数量或重要性）扩大，增加；（使）膨胀”，英文解释为“to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way”举个🌰：The air in the balloon expands when heated. 气球里的空气加热后膨胀。
类似含义：📍extend表示“扩大；扩展；使增加长度”，英文解释为“to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer”举个🌰：We have plans to extend our house (= to make it bigger). 我们计划扩建房屋。
extend
1）表示“扩大；扩展；使增加长度”，英文解释为“to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer”举个🌰：We have plans to extend our house (= to make it bigger). 我们计划扩建房屋。
2）表示“延长，使延期”，英文解释为“to make something last longer”举个🌰：The bar has recently extended its opening hours (= made them longer). 酒吧最近延长了营业时间。
3）表示“伸，伸出，伸开；展开”，英文解释为“to stretch something out”举个🌰：He extended his hand as a greeting (= held out his hand for someone to shake it). 他伸出手去表示欢迎。
4）extend /ɪkˈstend/ 表示“伸展，延伸；延续”，英文解释为“to reach, stretch, or continue”举个🌰：The Sahara Desert extends for miles. 撒哈拉沙漠绵延数百英里。
Tiangong's core module first entered orbit in 2021, marking the first major step in a space station dream envisioned by the government since 1992.
天宫空间站的核心舱在2021年首次进入轨道，标志着中国自1992年以来梦寐以求的空间站计划迈出了重要的第一步。
envision
envisage /ɪnˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/ 表示“设想；展望，预计”，英文解释为“to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good”举个🌰：Train fare increases of 5 percent are envisaged for the next year. 预计明年火车票价将会上涨5%。
The moment was hailed by official media at the time as “formally embarking on the buildup of one of the humanity's largest and most sophisticated space-based facilities.”
当时，官方媒体称这一时刻为“正式开始建设人类最大、最复杂的太空设施之一”。
hail
表示“把…称赞为，把…誉为”，英文解释为“to describe sb/sth as being very good or special, especially in newspapers, etc.”举个🌰：The conference was hailed as a great success. 会议被称颂为一次巨大的成功。
embark on
embark on/upon sth 表示“开始，着手做（新的或重要的事情）”，英文解释为“to start something new or important”如：embark on a new journey 开启新征程，举个🌰：We're embarking upon a new project later this year. 今年晚些时候我们会启动一个新项目。
sophisticated
sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/ 1）表示“老练的；久经世故的”，英文解释为“Someone who is sophisticated is comfortable in social situations and knows about culture, fashion, and other matters that are considered socially important.”举个🌰：He was a charming, sophisticated companion. 他是个有魅力、见多识广的伙伴。
2）表示“干练的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated person is intelligent and knows a lot, so that they are able to understand complicated situations.”举个🌰：These people are very sophisticated observers of the foreign policy scene. 这些人是外交政策领域干练的观察家。
3）表示“高级的；复杂的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others.”举个🌰：Honeybees use one of the most sophisticated communication systems of any insect. 蜜蜂所使用的交流系统是昆虫中最复杂的之一。
China will have three space missions for its space station application and development in 2023, the CMSA said earlier this year.
中国载人航天工程办公室今年早些时候表示，中国将在2023年进行三次空间站应用和开发的太空任务。
In addition to Tuesday's launch, those include the cargo craft Tianzhou-6, which was launched earlier this month, and the second crewed spaceship Shenzhou-17 later this year.
除了周二的发射外，还包括本月早些时候发射的天舟六号货运飞船，以及今年晚些时候的第二艘载人飞船神舟十七号。
cargo
表示“（轮船、飞机等大型交通工具装载的）货物”，英文解释为“the goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or other large vehicle”如：a cargo ship/plane 货船/货运飞机。
craft
结合我们常见的aircraft/spacecraft/hovercraft等词可以猜到，此处craft表示“船，艇；飞行器，航空器”，英文解释为“a vehicle for travelling on water or through the air”，如：naval craft 军舰，civilian craft 民用船，cpatrol craft 巡逻艇，rescue craft 救生艇。
📍补充：hovercraft 气垫船，military aircraft 军用飞机，a manned/unmanned spacecraft 载人/无人的宇宙飞船。
📍此外，craft作名词还可以指“工艺，手艺；技术”，英文解释为“skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects; a job or activity that needs skill and experience, or something produced using skill and experience”，如：the craft of furniture making/sewing 家具制作/缝纫工艺 political/literary craft 政治手腕／文学手法，rural/ancient/traditional crafts 乡村的/古老的/传统的手艺，craft workers (= skilled workers) 熟练工人，工匠。
📍当然，craft也可以作为动词表示“精制，（手工）制作”，举个🌰：Each doll is crafted individually by specialists. 每个布娃娃都由专业人员手工制作。
🎬电影《外星人保罗》（Paul）中的台词提到：Hey, imagine if we got buzzed by a craft. 想象一下如果一艘飞船从我们头上掠过。
In its press conference Monday, the CMSA also reiterated China's plan for a manned lunar landing by 2030.
在周一的新闻发布会上，中国载人航天工程办公室还重申了中国计划在2030年进行载人登月的计划。
reiterate
表示“反复地说；重申”，英文解释为“to repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it”举个🌰：Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy. 我再说一遍，我们完全拥护这项政策。
- 今日要点 -
China's Shenzhou-16 Mission First civilian astronaut: Gui Haichao Other crew members: Jing Haipeng and Zhu Yangzhu Destination: Tiangong space station China's Space Program Tiangong Space Station: Operational for a decade Future Plans: Expand station, more missions, manned lunar landing by 2030
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
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2015年2月8日
2023年5月30日
第3034天
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