BREASTFEEDING（母乳喂养的十个事实）

WHO recommends

WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. At six months, solid foods, such as mashed fruits and vegetables, should be introduced to complement breastfeeding for up to two years or more. In addition:

• breastfeeding should begin within one hour of birth；
• breastfeeding should be "on demand", as often as the child wants day and night; 
• bottles or pacifiers should be avoided.

世卫组织建议

世卫组织建议，在生命最初6个月内进行纯母乳喂养。6个月时，应当纳入诸如糊状水果和蔬菜等固体食物，对母乳喂养加以补充，直至两岁或更久。此外：

• 在出生后的头一个小时里就开始母乳喂养；
  
• “根据需要”进行母乳喂养，儿童在白天和晚上一旦有需要就要喂养；
  
• 不应使用瓶子或安抚奶嘴。
  

Health benefits for infants

Breast milk is the ideal food for newborns and infants. It gives infants all the nutrients they need for healthy development. It is safe and contains antibodies that help protect infants from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, the two primary causes of child mortality worldwide. Breast milk is readily available and affordable, which helps to ensure that infants get adequate nutrition.

对婴儿健康带来的益处

母乳是新生儿及婴儿最理想的食物。母乳可提供婴儿健康发育所需的所有营养。母乳是安全的，并包含可帮助婴儿抵抗婴幼儿常见病的抗体——如腹泻病和肺炎这两大导致全球婴儿死亡的疾病。母乳可以直接获得，经济上可承受，有助于确保婴儿获得充足的营养。

Benefits for mothers

Breastfeeding also benefits mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with a natural (though not fail-safe) method of birth control (98% protection in the first six months after birth). It reduces risks of breast and ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, and postpartum depression.

对母亲带来的益处

母乳喂养对母亲也有益处。纯母乳喂养与自然（尽管不是绝对安全的）避孕措施（生产后的头六个月内具有98%的保护作用）存有关联。它可降低患乳腺癌和卵巢癌、2型糖尿病以及产后抑郁症的风险。

Long-term benefits for children

Beyond the immediate benefits for children, breastfeeding contributes to a lifetime of good health. Adolescents and adults who were breastfed as babies are less likely to be overweight or obese. They are less likely to have type-II diabetes and perform better in intelligence tests.

对儿童带来的长期益处

除了对儿童带来的直接益处外，母乳喂养有益于终身保持良好健康。小时候得到母乳喂养的青少年和成人出现超重或肥胖的可能性更低。他们患2型糖尿病的可能性更低，智力测试的成绩更好。

Why not infant formula?

Infant formula does not contain the antibodies found in breast milk. The long-term benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children cannot be replicated with infant formula. When infant formula is not properly prepared, there are risks arising from the use of unsafe water and unsterilized equipment or the potential presence of bacteria in powdered formula. Malnutrition can result from over-diluting formula to "stretch" supplies. While frequent feeding maintains breast milk supply, if formula is used but becomes unavailable, a return to breastfeeding may not be an option due to diminished breast milk production.

为什么不用婴儿配方粉?

婴儿配方粉不含母乳中存在的抗体。婴儿配方粉无法复制母乳喂养对母婴的长期好处。如果婴儿配方粉的制备不当，就会因使用了不安全的水和未经消毒的设备或者由于粉状配方粉可能存在的细菌而带来一定危险。为增加配方粉使用时间而过度稀释，可导致营养不良。此外，经常性母乳喂养可保持母乳的持续时间。但使用配方粉而又缺乏供应时，要返回到母乳喂养方式则可能不太可行，因为母乳产出量减少了。

HIV and breastfeeding

An HIV-infected mother can pass the infection to her infant during pregnancy, delivery and through breastfeeding. However, antiretroviral (ARV) drugs given to either the mother or HIV-exposed infant reduces the risk of transmission. Together, breastfeeding and ARVs have the potential to significantly improve infants' chances of surviving while remaining HIV uninfected. WHO recommends that when HIV-infected mothers breastfeed, they should receive ARVs and follow WHO guidance for infant feeding.

艾滋病毒与母乳喂养

受到艾滋病毒感染的母亲可在孕期、生产时以及通过母乳喂养使婴儿获得感染。然而，对母亲或者对受到艾滋病毒暴露的婴儿实施抗逆转录病毒药物干预，可降低传染风险。母乳喂养和抗逆转录病毒药物干预加在一起，可在保持婴儿不被感染艾滋病毒的同时，大大提高其生存机会。世卫组织建议，当受到艾滋病毒感染的母亲进行母乳喂养时，应当接受抗逆转录病毒药物治疗，并且遵循世卫组织在婴儿喂养方面的指导意见。

Regulating breast-milk substitutes

An international code to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes was adopted in 1981. It calls for:

• all formula labels and information to state the benefits of breastfeeding and the health risks of substitutes;
• no promotion of breast-milk substitutes;
• no free samples of substitutes to be given to pregnant women, mothers or their families;
• no distribution of free or subsidized substitutes to health workers or facilities.

母乳代用品管制

1981年，通过了一项管制母乳代用品销售的国际守则。它要求：

• 所有的配方粉的标签和信息都要标明母乳喂养的好处以及使用代用品的健康风险；
• 不得促销母乳代用品；
• 不给孕妇、母亲或其家庭免费提供代用品样品；
• 不向卫生工作者或卫生机构分发免费或补贴性代用品。

Support for mothers is essential

Breastfeeding has to be learned and many women encounter difficulties at the beginning. Many routine practices, such as separation of mother and baby, use of newborn nurseries, and supplementation with infant formula, actually make it harder for mothers and babies to breastfeed. Health facilities that support breastfeeding by avoiding these practices and making trained breastfeeding counsellors available to new mothers encourage higher rates of the practice. To provide this support and improve care for mothers and newborns, there are "baby-friendly" facilities in about 152 countries thanks to the WHO-UNICEF Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative.

必需对母亲提供支持

母乳喂养需要学习，许多妇女在喂养之初遇到很多困难。许多常见做法，例如母婴分隔、使用新生儿保育室和补充喂养婴儿配方粉等，实际上会对母亲和婴儿增添母乳喂养的难度。支持母乳喂养的卫生机构，可由经过培训的母乳喂养咨询师向新产妇提供咨询，来提高母乳喂养率。为了向母亲及新生儿提供支持并改进关怀程度，在世卫组织和联合国儿童基金会爱婴医院行动的影响下，约在152个国家建立起了 “爱婴”机构。

Work and breastfeeding

Many mothers who return to work abandon breastfeeding partially or completely because they do not have sufficient time, or a place to breastfeed, express and store their milk. Mothers need a safe, clean and private place in or near their workplace to continue breastfeeding. Enabling conditions at work, such as paid maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, on-site crèches, facilities for expressing and storing breast milk, and breastfeeding breaks, can help.

工作与母乳喂养

由于没有进行母乳喂养、挤奶和存放母乳的充分时间或地点，许多母亲在回到工作岗位后就完全或者部分放弃了母乳喂养。母亲们需要在工作地点或者近处有一个安全、清洁并且私密的地方继续进行母乳喂养。能够带来帮助的就是在工作上创造有利条件，比如带薪休产假、安排兼职工作、设立就地育婴堂、用以进行挤奶和存放母乳的设施以及留出哺乳时间。

The next step: phasing in solid foods

To meet the growing needs of babies at six months of age, mashed solid foods should be introduced as a complement to continued breastfeeding. Foods for the baby can be specially prepared or modified from family meals. WHO notes that:

• breastfeeding should not be decreased when starting on solids;
• food should be given with a spoon or cup, not in a bottle;
• food should be clean and safe;
• ample time is needed for young children to learn to eat solid foods.

下一步：逐步添加固体食品

为满足6个月婴儿日益增长的需求，应添加糊状固体食物，对持续进行的母乳喂养加以补充。对婴儿的辅食可专门准备，也可从家庭饮食中调制。世卫组织提示：

• 在开始添加固体物时，不应减少母乳喂养；
• 应使用汤匙或杯子而不是瓶子来喂食；
• 食物应该是清洁、安全并可从当地获得的；
• 幼儿学会吃固体食物需要有足够的时间。

（来源：世界卫生组织）

统筹：宁可儿
美编：晓马哥

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