绿色智慧城市(1)|开启讨论的序言

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China Development Bank Capital, Energy Innovation, and the Energy Foundation have released the Green & Smart Guidelines for Urban Development. We are creating this series to look more closely at issues related to sustainable urban development in China.

To see the guidelines, please go to this link: http://energyinnovation.org/what-we-do/urban-sustainability/7118-2/

国开金融、能源创新组织及能源基金会已共同发布《绿色智慧城市开发导则》。我们编撰该系列文章，旨在就中国城市可持续发展相关问题做深入研究。

绿色智慧导则的下载链接：http://energyinnovation.org/what-we-do/urban-sustainability/7118-2/

It is natural for an idea with great promise to run into some bumps in the road. For green cities in China, this has been the case. There are experts who say that urban planning in China is “immature.” Last year, referring to an eco-cities conference, a government official said “没啥亮点，真没啥亮点” (there are no highlights, there just really aren’t) in response to three years of low-carbon city pilots. The term “ghost city” and “eco-city” are also often equated in both the Chinese and Western media.

即使是一个极好的想法，在实施过程中也难免总是遭遇重重困难。中国的绿色城市就遇到这样的窘境。有专家指出，中国的生态城市规划“还不成熟”。去年，在一次生态城市会议上，一位政府官员就已历时三年的低碳城市试点工作表示：“没啥亮点，真没啥亮点。”而中外媒体也常将“鬼城”和“生态城”相提并论。

There are a laundry list of reasons for these sentiments. Local governments are no longer making enough money from land sales, so superficially flying the flag of eco-city development can help them obtain subsidies. Building truly green cities can take more time and planning, which developers are resistant to. Others are saying that there is a misplaced focus in the eco-cities on infrastructure, but lack of effort on things directly related to quality of life – education, healthcare, and other social services. Some also argue that it takes cities a while to mature and claim that critics are just expecting too much, too soon.

引发上述情绪的原因颇多。地方政府的卖地收入已今非昔比，高举生态城市开发的大旗，却能获取不少补贴。但是，创建真正的绿色城市，需要投入更多时间，进行更周密的规划，而开发商显然不愿这么做。还有人认为，在生态城市中只注重基础设施建设，是本末倒置，而在与生活质量息息相关的其他方面，如教育、医疗卫生及其他社会服务等，却都不够重视。也有人说，城市需要时间完善成熟，批评者都是期望过高，过分急于求成了。

The challenges are substantial. But in terms of green cities, China cannot fail. By 2030, more than 1 billion Chinese will live in cities. If these cities are rife with air pollution, congestion, and livability issues, China’s economy could be severely stalled.

挑战是巨大的。但是就绿色城市而言，中国不容有失。到2030年为止，中国的城市人口将超过10亿。如果届时中国的城市仍受空气污染、交通拥堵和宜居性问题困扰，那么中国的经济势必停滞不前。

The endeavor to build green cities is one that China cannot give up on. So what will it take for China to succeed? What are the key benchmarks that can delineate between a good city and a bad city? What are the models that China can look to for inspiration?

在创建绿色城市的路途上，中国不能甩手不干。那么，中国要想取得成功，需要付出怎样的努力？区别好城市和坏城市的关键基准又有哪些？中国又能从哪些成功范例中汲取灵感？

In collaboration with China Development Bank Capital and Energy Foundation, these were the main questions we sought to find answers to with the Green & Smart Urban Development Guidelines. We think that this fusion of green and smart is absolutely necessary. Many of the challenges in building green cities can be addressed with the strategic use of smart technologies. For green and smart cities in China to work, local governments, investors, and developers must first agree on what the critical elements are, and then agree on the financial, regulatory, and technical tools to execute.

我们与国开金融、能源创新组织及能源基金会合作，主要想通过《绿色智慧城市开发导则》找出上述问题的答案。我们认为，绿色和智慧的融合非常必要。智能技术的战略运用，解决了许多在建设绿色城市过程中遇到的挑战。要想在中国成功实现绿色城市，那么地方政府、投资者和开发商均应在关键要素上达成共识，并在实施所需的融资、规范及技术工具方面取得一致。

For the Green Guidelines, we identified the 12 most critical elements of green cities in the categories of urban form, transportation, and energy and resources. We see these as “foundational and necessary.” These principles are proven and mature international best practices in case studies all over the world. Each of the concepts have deep implications for quality of life, economic development, and environmental health. Many of these critical elements are part of the government discourse on green cities, but are not quantified directly in policy documents. For example, transit-oriented development is fundamental to preventing congestion and improving mobility in cities. However, many of the existing guidelines lack a specific measurable that guides the planning process to ensure it is well-executed. Some of these guidelines have been implemented to a certain degree in cities in China, but the greatest challenge and opportunity is to integrate and implement all twelve of the guidelines.

就《绿色导则》而言，我们提出在城市形态、交通及能源等方面对绿色城市最为关键的12个元素。这些导则是在世界各地的案例中被验证过的、成熟的国际最佳实践。对我们而言，这12点元素是“根本的、必要的”。每个概念对生活质量、经济发展及环境卫生均有极深的指向。众多上述关键元素虽未在政策文件中明文规定，却已出现在关于绿色城市的官方话语中。比如，公交导向的发展（TOD）对预防交通堵塞、提升城市流动性等均是至关重要的。然而，诸多已有导则缺乏具体措施，以指导规划过程，确保其顺利实施。部分导则一定程度上已经在中国城市实施，但最大的挑战是综合实施这里的12条。

For the Smart Guidelines, we picked six key aspects of urban systems that can be optimized with smart technologies. For these guidelines, we focus on the needs and goals of the local government, developers, and operators, not from the perspective of vendors. We also encourage cities to create open data platforms so that companies and the public can help with identifying and solving problems. Most importantly, we illustrate why it’s important to not just install smart technologies, but use these technologies to address specific challenges and then use data to monitor and seek continuous improvement.

就《智慧导则》而言，我们选取了城市系统中六个关键方面，这六个方面可通过智慧技术进行优化。我们的导则聚焦于当地政府、开发商和运营商的需求和目标，而不是着眼于技术解决方案的供应商。我们也鼓励城市创建开放的数据平台，以便公司和大众参与其间，协助发现并解决问题。最重要的是，我们用案例说明，这样做的重要性，即为何不直接把智慧技术拿来，而是为应对具体挑战而采用这些技术，并使用数据管理，寻求持续发展。

Moreover, we identified two cities that China can learn from. The Pearl District in Portland, Oregon, U.S. is a walkable, livable district that features open space preservation, a number of green buildings, and district energy. Hammarby Sjostad in Stockholm, Sweden is another excellent example of a green city. With 50% of their energy produced from renewable sources, Hammarby also recycles 100% of their water, and has extremely low rates of car ownership due to its excellent public transit and walking and biking paths.

另外，我们指出了中国可效法的两个城市。美国俄勒冈州波特兰市的珍珠区是个宜居的可步行区域，该区域拥有保留空地、为数众多的绿色建筑以及区域能源系统。瑞典斯德哥尔摩市的哈马碧新城是另一个绿色城市的典范。哈马碧50%的能源均为可再生能源，100%的水都是可循环利用的，且因其卓越的公共交通、完善的人行道和自行车道，当地的汽车保有率非常低。

The 12 Green Guidelines and Six Smart Guidelines in Chinese. The whole package of work can be found here（http://energyinnovation.org/what-we-do/urban-sustainability/green-and-smart-guidelines/） in both English and Chinese.

《12条绿色导则》和《6条智慧导则》中文版。点击这里（http://energyinnovation.org/what-we-do/urban-sustainability/green-and-smart-guidelines/），可查看导则的英文版和中文版。

With the release of the Green and Smart Guidelines, we saw an opportunity to engage the public, experts, scholars, builders, and all urban enthusiasts in discussions concerning China’s urban future. “绿色智慧城市探讨” is a collaboration with The Paper to explore the rationale underlying each of our guidelines and other relevant issues.

《绿色智慧导则》发布后，我们希望将公众、专家、学者、开发者及所有关心城市的人聚集起来，探讨中国城市未来的机会。我们会与澎湃新闻一起，共同组织探讨绿色智慧城市的活动，旨在探讨每项导则的基本原理及其他相关问题。

We hope to use this series of articles as tools to inform and spur conversation over China’s urbanization process. These articles allow individuals from various countries and sectors to discuss challenges, opportunities, and case studies related to the guidelines. The Green and Smart Guidelines are still in a “Draft for Comment” form and we are currently asking for feedback on how to improve them.

我们希望通过这一系列文章，对中国城市化进程进行描述，并引发公众讨论。我们欢迎来自不同国家、机构的人们，对相应的挑战、机遇，以及与导则相关的案例研究进行讨论。目前，《绿色智慧导则》仍为“征求意见稿”，我们正在征求意见，希望取得反馈，以便进行改进。

If you have any feedback or are interested in adding a piece to our collection, please contact [e-mail] [e-mail]

如有任何反馈或有意投寄文章，请联系：[e-mail] [e-mail]

（CC Huang is a policy analyst at Energy Innovation and is the lead author of the Green and Smart Urban Development Guidelines. She received her master’s in Economics and Public Policy from Princeton University. 黄希熙从事能源创新的政策分析，是《绿色智慧城镇开发导则》的主要编者，具有普林斯顿大学经济与公共政策的硕士学位）