全人之美课程探索（在首届LIFE教育创新峰会上的发言稿）
全人之美
——罕台新教育实验小学五年课程改革探索掠影
（干国祥在2015年LIFE教育创新首届峰会的发言）
每个母亲在把她心爱的孩子送进学校时，内心深处可能都会像台湾作家张晓风那样感慨并忧虑着：“世界啊，今天早晨，我，一个母亲，向你交出她可爱的小男孩，而你们将还我一个怎样的青年呢？”
张晓风质问的对象是“世界”，而大多数母亲质问的对象只是“学校”。
这个母亲交给我们的“可爱的孩子”，就是学校课程的“起点”；我们还给母亲、交给世界的那个青年，就是学校课程的“终点”；从起点到终点，把一个可爱的孩子转化成怎样的青年的道路，这就是课程。
但是，对一所学校来说，有怎样的起点往往并不是自己能够决定的；不过，有怎样的终点（及临时性终点），有怎样的道路，却是能够并且必须去向往、去规划、去探索的。
我们罕台新教育实验小学的起点又是怎样的呢？
（演讲时为一个短视频，天蓝地黄，干国祥即兴补充说：不要以为我找的最穷的孩子家拍的，告诉你这是我这个村庄里最漂亮的一家。这个慈祥的老人是这个村庄的党组织的负责人。会议现场曾有人到过那个村庄。）
我们这所位于鄂尔多斯高原沙漠和草原的连接处的学校，生源主要来自周边农牧民的家庭。由于这里是沙化草原，曾经十分贫苦，文盲多，智障和残疾的比例也很高；同时，住户分散，许多村子其实只有两三户甚至只有一户人家。因此，这里的孩子大多既缺乏良好的家庭环境，同时又缺乏与外界交流的机会。
比如小星，她出生在一个被周围的人认为所有家庭成员都有“智障”的家庭。她的妈妈有严重智障，生活不能自理，根本无法跟人交流；她的奶奶被人认为是“哑巴”和“白痴”；她的爸爸能够跟人简单交流，但一般不会主动交流，长期以来也同样被周围人认为是有智障。当我们在2010年遇到小星的时候，她刚上二年级，但那时她数数只能数到五，许多语言的发音对她来说是不存在的，是无法正常发出的。母亲的缺位及恶劣的家庭智力氛围、缺乏交流的环境，使得孩子的许多发展错过了敏感期，智力仿佛被“封存”起来，如果不及时抢救，甚至会就此“石化”。我称之为“教育狼孩”现象，在2012年曾写过一篇文章《"教育狼孩"及其拯救》。当然这是一个比较极端的例子，但是不同程度的“教育狼孩”在罕台的比例很高。（这一段在现场放弃没讲）
而恶劣的自然环境和文化环境，使这些孩子在上学之初就处于先天劣势，如果学校不能很好地理解他们，帮助他们适应并获得成功、进而赢得尊严，那么初始学习失败将使他们陷于恶性教育学循环。
比如小雪，在一年级的时候，她三次被以前的学校要求去医院作智障鉴定；在一年级结束时，她的所有学科都是零分。2010年秋，她和我们相遇，成为我们学校的二年级学生。但是，即使是在我们这样的的学校里，她也是一上课就趴在桌子上，遇到任何一点难题，她就肠胃绞痛——有时候，甚至让老师怀疑她是不是在假装生病逃避学习。但是，她是真的一听到学习就痛，就病，就恐惧不已——是心理反应引起的生理反应。她的成长并不容易，而且，我不想讳言，在整个成长过程中，早年环境造就的贪婪、怯懦、懒惰、麻木，很长很长时间陪伴着她，缠绕着她。
这些带着早期刻写的各种各样的孩子，就是罕台新教育实验小学的起点。是的，如果不切身了解一下我们大多数学生的生存环境，就不能理解我们为什么要落实全人之美的课程，以及这个系统课程的真实价值。
我们总喜欢说“可爱的孩子”，而我则早早地提醒罕台的老师们：“凡可怜之人，必有可憎之处。”天啊，我怎么可以用这样的词语形容我的孩子们？但如果你不是真正地在荒凉的土地上生活过许多年，你是无法真正理解人性，进而理解“慈悲”的意义的。许多孩子在送到学校之前，已经被“荒凉的大地”所教育、所书写、所感染，乃至伤害，教育必须同时成为一种治疗，课程，必须同时成为食物和药物。
我们常常跟孩子们讲，每一个生命都是神奇的种子，各自绽放的时间可能有先有后，但迟开的花朵并不意味着比早开的花朵逊色。每一粒种子都值得期待。就这样差不多过了整整四年，即使是小星、小雪这样的孩子，也都终于像罕台高原上迟开的花朵，在她们自己的季节里绽放了。到五年级第二学期，小星和小雪在所有方面都获得了长足的进步。小星甚至在五年级时成功竞选成为立校纪念日的主持人。而小雪，我们看看她的同学小雅是怎么说的：
“这个学期（注：是五年级下学期），苏雪妮真是让人吃惊啊！在语文课上，她积极发言，老师提出的问题，她思考片刻后就会高高地举起手.在英语课上，她更是欢乐无比，还没等老师讲完她就已经知道一道题该怎么做了。舞蹈课上，她努力把自己的身体变软了，无论有多痛，她都会把这痛给忍下去。科学课上，当大家还在思考着怎么做的时候，她便已经有了自己的思路了……”
她的班主任陈老师在五年级下学期的期末庆典上为她颁发的生命奖是“阳光”，并送给她这样的颁奖词：“阳光就在风雨后，今天的小雪，已经沐浴在阳光之中，希望有一天她能看到美丽的彩虹！”
促使这些生命在岁月里发生根本性变化的，就是我们研制和探索了十年之久的“全人之美”课程系统。
全人之美课程，不是让每个生命在所有方面平均地获得发展，而是让每个生命尝试和享受人类所有精神领域的成果，找到并发展自己生命最深的愿望和最大的可能性。
尝试和享受人类所有精神领域的成果，这就是“过一种幸福完整的教育生活”；找到并发展自己最深的愿望和最大的可能性，这就是“做一个自我实现着的自由人”。
“全人之美”课程由身体课程、艺术课程、智慧课程和人格课程（包括道德、情感、礼仪等）四个相互渗透的子系统组成。
依据我们对生命和教育的理解，教育应该是从身体，而不是从大脑开始的。
我们为身体课程确立了三级目标：首先，要确保孩子们的健康、安全和营养；其次，要让孩子们舒展、健壮和有纪律性；最后，要让孩子在形体上显现出礼仪、美丽和高雅。我们每一天都有体育课，体育课都是非常具体的课程。每个课程都有自己的细致的课程目标和训练进程。譬如这是我们的轮滑三级目标：
初级目标——在轮滑训练场自如滑行，作难度不大的上下坡，简单绕桩，能速滑，减速,静止；
中级目标——在各种不同的坡度、弯度的道路上自由滑行，能避行同伴不冲撞，在公路上滑行如步行；
高级目标——在设置的各种障碍间以不同速度滑行，完成规定动作如端茶倒水、送东西等。
不同的生命需要找到不同的绽放方式，作为他（她）生命全面飞扬的起点。我们谁也不曾想过，前面提到的小雪，这个曾经天天生病的小女孩，后来居然能去参加区里的乒乓球比赛，而且还赢得了冠军。我想这个冠军，和她在全人之美课程所有领域方面的发展是互为因果的——在五年级下学期，她获得了语文进步之星、班级建设者、寝室文明之星、数学进步之星、英语单词小记星、英语歌曲之星、英语综合之星、舞蹈进步之星、科学进步之星、吉他进步之星、乒乓卓越之星、乒乓女子单打第三、轮滑进步之星等13个奖项。
所有的这些体育项目，我们都强调好玩，强调主要是为了身体的舒展和心志的历练，比赛和名次并不是我们的目的——虽然我们有时候也会被迫卷入一些比赛。
某次，一个商业培训性质的轮滑俱乐部在我们所在的城市训练了数年之后，成功说服政府领导，举行了首届少儿轮滑比赛。我们并不知道这个背景，冒冒失失地参加了比赛。结果，学生几乎囊括了所参加各组的冠亚军。三年级更是在前八名中夺取了七个名次。但这肯定不是我们的目的，这样的比赛能够不参加，最好还是避免。我们喜欢的是每个星期可以找个傍晚时间，穿上轮滑鞋飞出校园，穿过公路，滑过山坡。真的，像风一样自由的感觉，非常美妙。一年四季，全体学生无数次踩着轮滑鞋去春游、夏游、秋游、冬游……
我们所有孩子喜欢轮滑，喜欢乒乓球，喜欢足球，喜欢舞蹈，喜欢吉它，因为好玩，因为它们唤醒了生命中沉睡着的神奇种子。
身体课程的目的，是舒展孩子们的身心，强健孩子们的体魄，并和艺术课程一道优雅孩子们的仪容。艺术课程的目的，就是优雅孩子们的仪容，细腻孩子们的感官，丰富孩子们的感受。
从一年级到六年级，孩子们要学六种乐器，其中双管巴乌和吉它是要能够娴熟掌握、终身享用的两种。
每个星期，学校要举行一次小桥音乐会，所有的教室都会献上一两个节目，所有的孩子都有过许多次上场演出的经历。
（视频，六年级学生吉它弹唱英文歌曲）
智慧课程无疑是所有学校的重头戏，我们在语文、数学、科学和英语方面都进行了重大的改革。我们智慧课程的目的是：丰富孩子们的感受，砥砺孩子们的思维，渊博孩子们的知识，并在过程中能够尊重彼此间的异议，让每个人拥有着自由思想和独立精神。譬如数学课程，我们依据“创造数学、发明数学、享受数学”和“数学精彩观念的诞生”、“像数学家一样思考”的原则，可以说是在重构整个数学课程系统——当然这项改革落后于语文，还远远没有全部完成。语文学科的概念在我们的课程系统中已经淡化：童话剧，晨诵，海量阅读，探究型学习，大文言阅读，结合道德人格图谱和需要层次的读写……我们确实提出了完全不同于目前学界流行意义上的“语文观”。英语课程我们增加了英语儿歌、歌曲、电影配音、小短剧、英文原著和《新概念英语》的内容，学生学得快乐轻松又充沛。当然，必须声明的是这一点：我们并没有增加学生的学习时间，智慧学科不允许侵占学生的艺体、休息和娱乐。发愣时间，这也是一条教育的原则。
每个早晨，每间教室都是从吟诵诗歌正式开始我们的教学的，从拍手跺脚打着节奏的儿歌童谣，到每天一首唐诗宋词的“农历的天空下”，再到全部的《吉檀迦利》和儒家、道家的经典选文，都不允许死记硬背，都是在兴发感动的基础上，用生命来感受与领会。
阅读永远是学校的第一要事，这是一间教室在三年级上学期所记录下来的学生爬书梯的情况——在同一间教室，孩子们在不同的书籍阶梯里寻找着不同的快乐和梦想。爬过了书梯，高年级学生就进入到了“思、诗、自然、社会四维阅读脑图”，先后顺序和兴趣侧重是学生们自由决定的，但所有的孩子都应该在每个维度都有所研究。这是一个五年级的孩子在读《爱因斯坦的圣经》时所作的脑图笔记。
这是孩子们的科学课，画电路图，制作各种生活中的小电器，种植与养殖，极为丰富与有趣。
语文课，开学至今整整两个月，五年级孩子都在学习文言的《三国志》，他们要自己加标点，作批注，写人物评传。
童话剧算是我们学校的综合课程，剧本是由老师们依据自己教室的情况挑选并改编的，所有的孩子都要参与细读，并从中挑选自己合适或喜欢的角色，但竞争非常激烈，主角很难竞争到——不过，最终所有的孩子都有机会上场。
这是小鸟教室这几年来演出过的剧目，他们五年级上演出的是莎士比亚的《李尔王》，迄今为止，在我们的童话剧场上，已经上演过莎士比亚的如下剧作：
《麦克白》《李尔王》《暴风雨》《哈姆莱特》《威尼斯商人》。
而六年级在上学期演出的是古希腊悲剧《俄底浦斯王》和《安提戈涅》，今年夏天他们毕业时，将联合演出古希腊悲剧《阿伽门农+俄瑞斯忒斯》。
其实所有的课程都是隐性的道德人格课程，因为孩子们的健全人格不是被说教而成的，而是在某个领域进而所有领域里赢得尊严才慢慢形成的。但道德课程也有它独特的显性课程，每间教室都贴有“南明教育道德人格发展图谱”，无论是阅读还是生活中发生的冲突，我们都会展开没有定论的自由讨论和民主裁决。平等理念，是南明教育的基石。基于此，我们强调：所有的孩子都需要激励、需要引领，但只有慢、弱和受伤的孩子才需要照顾。民主生活是我们日常教育进行着的基本框架，强制、外烁、说教，人为地拔高在我们看来都是危险的。“自由”和“自我实现”这两个词，是全人之美课程的最高理念。而南明教育“全人之美”课程系统总纲领是：
舒展其身心 强健其体魄
优雅其仪容 细腻其感官
丰富其感受 砥砺其思维
渊博其知识 尊重其异议
独立其精神 自由其思想
充沛其德性 文明其德行
维护其尊严 实现其自我
我们做这些，就是想让每个生命享受一切美好事物，想让每个学生接受这个特定时代所需要的知识、能力和品格，最终让每个生命找到他自己的热爱、价值和意义，选择并创造他们自己的“LIFE”；并由这样的自由生命，去共同创造出属于他们自己的未来社会。
2000多年前，庄周学派曾用“判天地之美，析万物之理”来形容当时的儒家学派的追求，我们觉得，这也是我们今天这群人的追求。我们希望，自己和孩子们能在当下过一种幸福完整的教育生活，在有限的一生中，能成为一个自我实现着的自由人。
我们有幸生活在一个开始可以梦想和探索的时代，即使明天我们失败了，至少我不会后悔：因为我们已经这样真诚地游戏过，像一个真正的歌者、行吟诗人，或者远征的战士。
All-roundBeauty Curriculum
——An Overview of exploration of curriculum reform for five years at HantaiNew-Education Experimental Primary School
GanGuo-xiang
（On April 8, 2015）
“Hello, world! I would hand over my lovelyboy to you as a mother this morning, and what kind of youth will you send backto me?” Maybe every mother when sending her children to school, would feellike Zhang Xiao-feng, a Taiwanese writer, and a mother.
The object Zhang Xiao-feng questioning is"the world”, and most mothers questioned the object only"schools."
The "lovely child" from mother’shand is the "starting point" of school curriculum; The “youth” graduatedfrom school we returned to the mother is the “finishing point” of school curriculum;From the beginning to the end, the road for a lovely child transformed intowhat kind of youth , is the curriculum.
However, what kind of starting point couldnot be chosen for a school, but what kind of endpoints (and temporary end),what kind of road, is could be and should be able to dream, to plan, to explore.
For Hantai New-Education ExperimentalPrimary School, located in rural of Inner Mongolia Erdos Plateau, what is ourstarting point?
This is Xiaoxing’s "home", thisis her "mother", this is her "grandma", this is her"father". It is 2010 when we first met. At that time, Xiaoxing was alreadya second grade student, but she could only count of one to five, many languagepronunciations were not exist for her ,far less making normal sounds of them. Thisis after nearly five years of education, she stood on the school stage as the hostfor the anniversary of school, at her grade 6, Term 1st.
Yes, if you don't understand most of ourstudents' living environment, you will not understand why we should implement All-roundBeauty Curriculum, and the value of it. The video display is the naturalenvironment of Hantai New-Education Primary School located and the familyenvironment of most of the students'.
This girl with smile once had a beginninglike this：She got a zero both in Chinese and maths ingrade one at ex-school. And she was asked to go to the hospital for thementally retarded identified by ex-school for three times. Fortunately we meether at the autumn of 2010. She finally had a new starting point. At new school,she won two awards including Chinese Progress Award and Mathematics ProgressAward to encourage her in grade 2, term 1st .However, she often lyingon the table during classes. She would have stomach cramps when encountered anyproblems- sometimes, even our teachers had wonder whether she pretended to besick in escape from learning. But she was really painful, disease, fear as soonas she had to study - it is psychological reaction caused by physiologicalresponses. Her growth is not easy, and I really don't want to admit that in thewhole growth process, the greed, cowardly, lazy, numbness, made byher earlyenvironment, wrapped around her for a very long time.
We always like to say "lovelykid", but I reminded of our teachers early: "A poor person must have hatefulpoints." My God, how can I use this word to describe my students? But ifyou're not really living in the desolate land over many years, you can’t reallyunderstand human nature, and thus understand the meaning of "mercy". Beforewent to school, many children had been educated, written, infected and evenhurt by the "desolate land",cultural desert. Education must become akind of treatment at the same time, the curriculum, must also be food and drugs.
So after almost four years, like the latebloomers of the Hantai plateau, Xiaoxue finally come to her own bloomingseason. At the second semester of the fifth grade, Xiaoxue gained considerableprogress in all aspects. And to promote a fundamental change of life in timesis All-round Beauty Curriculum, a course system we have developed and explored decade-long.
The All-round Beauty Curriculum, not to letevery life in all aspects to grow on average, but to make every try and enjoythe fruits of all human spiritual life, to find and develop their life'sdeepest desire and maximum likelihood.
Making every try and enjoying the fruits ofall human spiritual life, is our present goal of living an all-round happyeducation life. Finding and developing their life's deepest desire andmaximum likelihood, is our ultimate aim of becoming a free self-actualizer.
Based on our understanding of life andeducation, education should be from the body, rather than from the mind.
We have established a three-levelobjectives for health curriculum: first, to ensure children's health, safetyand nutrition; secondly, let the kids stretch, robust and disciplined; finally,help the children showing etiquette, beauty and elegant in form. We havephysical education every day. Physical education classes are very specific.Each course has its own detailed curriculum goals and training process. Forexample, it is our skating three objectives:
Primary goals- can glide skating free ontraining ground; can up and down hills of little difficult; can do speedskating and decelerate or stop in progress; can skating around simpleobstacles;
Intermediate goals – can glide skating freeon a variety of different slope roads and different curvature roads; can avoidcompanions and not collide; can glide on road as walking;
Senior goals – can glide skating indifferent speeds between various obstacles; can complete task such asserving tea or sending things.
Different lives need to find different waysof bloom as the starting point of his (her) life full float in the sky. Neitherof us ever thought that this little girl once sick every day, was actually ableto take part in the primary school ping-pong Championships of area Dongsheng,Erdos,2014 ,and to win the championship. I think this title and her developmentin all aspects of the field of All-round Beauty Curriculum reinforce each other.
All of these sports, we have emphasized thefun,mainlyin order to emphasize the body stretch and aspirations of experience,tournaments and ranking is not our purpose - although we sometimes have toattend some games.
Once in a time, a roller skating club of businessin our city after training for several years, succeeded in persuading thegovernment leaders, held the first children's skating competition. We do notknow the background, abruptly took part in the race. As a result, our studentscovered most of the first places for each group. Third grade got seven seats ofthe top eight in the low-grade group, including the championship. But that iscertainly not our purpose, we would avoid to participate in games like this aswell as we can. What we like is skating out of the campus, across the road, overthe hill by late afternoon. Feeling ourselves could be as free as the windis really wonderful!
All of our students like skating, like ping-pong,like football, like to dance, like guitar, for fun, for the magic seeds in lifeare awaked.
The purpose of physical curriculum is to stretchthe children's body and mind, to strengthen their physique and to polish theirdemeanor together with art curriculum. The purpose of art curriculum is to polishchildren's demeanor, to refine their senses, to enrich their perceptions.
From grade one to grade six, children inour school would learn six kinds of Musical Instruments, including two pipe pauand the guitar which should be able to mastery and enjoy for the rest of mylife.
Every week, the school will hold a bridge concert,all classrooms would offer one or two programs, every child had manyappearances performance experience.
Intellectual Curriculum is undoubtedly thehighlight in all schools, we have carried out major reforms in the Chineselanguage, mathematics, science and English. Each reforms cost many years, wecan’t go into detail here. Our intelligence course aims: to enrich theirperceptions, to sharpen their thinking , to widen their knowledge ,and torespect each other's objections in the process, to let everyone have a freethinking and independent spirit.
Every morning, every classroom is starting fromchanting poetry. All of poetries ,whether it is a low-grade nursery rhymes,or high-grade course such as Tagore course, Confucianism and Taoism course, arenot allowed by rote , but to feel and understand with life.
Reading is always the first to school. Thisis a record of a classroom in grade three showing how did the students climbthe ladder of the book. In the same classroom, the children find a differentdream of happiness and in different books in the ladder. After climbing theladder, the seniors will go into four dimensions reading of thinking, poetry,natural, social, and students are free to decide their own routes basing oninterest and experiment, but all children should have to explore in eachdimension. This is a mind map notes as a grade five children in reading the Bible according to Einstein.
[show the pictures of classes]
This is Science courses in progress...
This is aresearch study of Chinese curriculum. Frombegins of this term up to now, for two whole months, fifth-grade children immersedthemselves in Classical Chinese Recordsof Three Kingdoms, they would add punctuation (the classical Chinese bookhas no punctuation) as well as annotations (the classical Chinese is differentfrom modern Chinese), write biographies of characters.
Pantomime is comprehensive course in ourschool. Each semester we would read 3 to 5 classical works in every classroom,and one of them would be adapted to pantomime, according to situation of theclassroom. All the children should be involved in close reading and choosetheir own favorite character to run for, but the competition is fierce, theprotagonist is difficult to compete - but eventually all children have theopportunity to play.
Little Bird Classroom ,now grade 5th,has played pantomimes such as Egg Brother, The Ugly Duckling , People Crow , Germany, a Group of Mice Fairy , OneHundred Skirts , The Never Ending Story ,Pilgrimage to the West, including ShakespeareanTragedy of King Lear .
In our theater, senior students have playedShakespeare works as follows:
Macbeth,KingLear,The Tempest,Hamlet,The Merchand of Venice
And the sixth grade last semester had playedthe ancient Greek tragedy Oedipus the King and Antigone. In the summer of 2015, they willperform the Greek tragedies Agamemnon +Orestes.
In fact, all of the courses are latentcurriculums of moral and personality, for the children's healthy personalitywas not preaching, but winning dignity in one area and then in all fields, moralis forming in the progress. But we also have the manifest curriculum such as “Moraland Personality Development Atlas of Nanming Education” and “hierarchy of needsfigure” on wall. When we encounter the conflict either in story or in life, wewould discuss free and democratic without settled decision according to themaps.Theidea of equality is the cornerstone of Nanming Education. Based on this, weemphasize: all children need to motivate, lead, but only slow, weak and injuredchildren in need of special care. Democratic life is the basic framework of ourdaily education, for taking enforcement, externalization, preaching, and artificiallyoverstating as dangers. The "freedom" and"self-realization" are the highest ideas of the All-round BeautyCurriculum.
We do this, is to let everyone enjoy allgood things in life ;let everyone accept the knowledge, ability, quality ,required of the times; let everyone find their own love , values, meanings,select and create her or his own 'LIFE', and then to create their own society basedon such free lives in the future.
More than 2000 years ago, Zhuang-zhou wasdescribed the Confucian’s pursue like this: Sentences beauty of the world,analysis of the principle of everything.Today, we think this is also our pursuit. Wehope that each one of the teachers and the children can live an all-round happyeducation life at the present.We hope that each one of the teachers and the childrencan be a self-actualizer of freedom in the limited life.
We are fortunate to live in a time you can dreamexplore, even if we fail tomorrow, we will not regret for we've play games sincerely,like real singers, strolling minstrels, or expeditionary soldiers.
END
徽州晨山双语部2016年网络预报名工作已经启动了！
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