名人与政治专栏 | Perspectives on Politics（政治透视）Issue 1 - 2020

让每一个人自由地理解政治

让世界各地的学人成果互联互通

让政治学人的核心关切得到传播

让闪烁的政治学人共享这片充满思考和情怀的天空

政治学人始终在路上

本期国际化部为大家带来了《政治透视》2020年第1期文章编译。编译属国际化部译者志愿提供，如有不妥欢迎指正；如对我们的工作有什么建议，欢迎到后台留言；如有转载请注明出处。学术公益是一条很长的路，我们诚邀您同行，欢迎留言您希望编译的政治学期刊，感谢您的支持。

PART 1

期刊简介

Perspectives on Politics（政治透视）是美国政治学会（APSA）旗下的知名季刊。自2003年创刊并由剑桥大学出版社出版以来，其为政治学共同体内部以及政治学学科与广大读者之间提供了广阔且具有综合性的讨论平台。期刊2018年的影响因子为3.680，在176种政治科学类期刊中排名39.

期刊主编为Michael Bernhard，副/书评编辑为Daniel I. O’Neill，创始编辑是Jennifer Hochschild. 三人均来自佛罗里达大学。

PART 2

期刊目录

Special Section: Celebrities and Politics

特别栏目：名人与政治

1. Celebrity, Democracy, and Epistemic Power

   名人、民主与认知力

2. Celebrity Humanitarianism: Using Tropes of Engagement to Understand North/South Relations

   名人人道主义：通过参与的比喻认识南北关系

3. Caffeinated Solutions as Neoliberal Politics: How Celebrities Create and Promote Partnerships for Peace and Development

   作为新自由主义政治的咖啡因溶液：名人如何建立和促进和平与发展的伙伴关系

4. Do-it-Yourself Activism in Pakistan: The Fatal Celebrity of Qandeel Baloch

   巴基斯坦的“自己动手”行动主义：一位极为重要的名人QANDEEL BALOCH

5. Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World

   梅西、罗纳尔多和名人选举的政治：为世界上最好的足球运动员投票

6. Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action

   闭上嘴，去运动：黑人运动员、抗议政治与黑人政治行动

7. When Celebrity and Political Journalism Collide: Reporting Standards, Entertainment, and the Conundrum of Covering Donald Trump’s 2016 Campaign

   当名人遇上政治新闻：新闻标准、娱乐消遣和唐纳德·特朗普2016年竞选的报道难题

8. Don’t Republicans Tweet Too? Using Twitter to Assess the Consequences of Political Endorsements by Celebrities

   难道共和党人就不发推特吗？使用Twitter评估名人政治背书的后果

9. Accountability by Numbers: A New Global Transitional Justice Dataset (1946–2016)

   数字问责制：一项新的全球转型正义数据集（1946年至2016年）

10. The Electoral Politics of Growth Regimes

    增长机制的选举政治

PART 3

精选译文

01 数字问责制：一项新的全球转型正义数据集（1946年至2016年）

【题目】

Accountability by Numbers: A New Global Transitional Justice Dataset (1946–2016)

【作者】

GENEVIEVE BATES, University of Chicago

IPEK CINAR, University of Chicago

Monika NALEPA, University of Chicago

【摘要】

在这个民主倒退的时代，学者和政策制定者想知道这一现象是否是因为对于前威权政体精英和其合作者的错误估计。然而，如果没有关于前威权国家和由冲突产生的新国家处理人权侵犯者的充足数据，我们很难判断是否是这一因素造成了新兴民主国家的不稳定。我们引入了一项关于人事转型正义的数据集来帮助学者回答这些问题。从一个国家的民主化之日起，这一数据集对这些事件进行了暂时的分类。我们数据的时间序列性质，使学者能够衡量国家处理其历史事件中体现出来的关键特征，并通过同时关注后冲突社会和后威权社会的方式来补充现有的转型正义数据集。为了展示我们的数据为学者们提供的可能性，我们使用它测定了人事转型正义中的三种新度量：严谨性、紧迫性和波动性。我们数据的细粒度结构使研究人员可以根据他们感兴趣的理论问题来构造其他度量。我们还通过回归分析和“民主的多样性（Varieties of Democracy）”项目的数据说明了转型正义严谨性的使用。

In an era of democratic backsliding, scholars and policymakers wonder if failure to reckon with former authoritarian elites and their collaborators plays a role. Yet without adequate data on the way former autocracies and countries emerging from conflict deal with human rights violators, it is hard to tell if new democracies are unstable because of their failure to reckon with their former authoritarian elites or despite it. We introduce a dataset of personnel transitional justice events that allows scholars to answer such questions, disaggregating these events temporally from the date of a country’s democratization. The time series nature of our data allows scholars to measure key characteristics of states’ dealing with their past and complements existing transitional justice datasets by focusing not only on post-conflict societies and not only on post-authoritarian societies, but on both. To showcase the possibilities our data affords scholars, we use it to develop three novel measures of personnel transitional justice: severity, urgency, and volatility. The granular structure of our data allows researchers to construct additional measures depending on their theoretical questions of interest. We illustrate the use of severity of transitional justice in a regression that also employs data from the Varieties of Democracy project.

02 梅西、罗纳尔多和名人选举的政治：为世界上最好的足球运动员投票

【题目】

Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World

【作者】

CHRISTOPHER J. ANDERSON, London School of Economics and Political Science

LUC ARRONDEL, Paris School of Economics 

ANDRÉ BLAIS, University of Montréal

JEAN-FRANÇOIS DAOUST, McGill University

JEAN-FRANÇOIS LASLIER, Paris School of Economics

KARINE VAN DER STRAETEN, Toulouse School of Economics

【摘要】

人们普遍认为，名人具有政治资本和影响舆论的能力。为了了解体育明星在特定领域的资金来源，我们调查了全球足球超级明星的受欢迎程度。具体来说，我们考察了球员在金球奖(Ballon d’Or)上的成功，这是世界上最引人注目的评选世界最佳球员的活动。根据以往的投票结果以及对球迷的原始调查，我们发现某些类型的球员明显更有可能赢得金球奖。此外我们发现，随着时间的推移，球迷对这类球员的投票越来越集中。这表明在争夺足球名人的竞争中，存在着一个清晰并不断增长的等级制度。对2016年世界上最优秀的两名球员(莱昂内尔•梅西(Lionel Messi)和克里斯蒂亚诺•罗纳尔多(Cristiano Ronaldo))的进一步分析表明，如果进行适当调整，类似于党派关系这样的政治科学概念在表面上看似与政治无关的体育竞赛中同样具有概念和经验上的影响力。

It is widely assumed that celebrities are imbued with political capital and the power to move opinion. To understand the sources of that capital in the specific domain of sports celebrity, we investigate the popularity of global soccer superstars. Specifically, we examine players’ success in the Ballon d’Or—the most high-profile contest to select the world’s best player. Based on historical election results as well as an original survey of soccer fans, we find that certain kinds of players are significantly more likely to win the Ballon d’Or. Moreover, we detect an increasing concentration of votes on these kinds of players over time, suggesting a clear and growing hierarchy in the competition for soccer celebrity. Further analyses of support for the world’s two best players in 2016 (Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo) show that, if properly adapted, political science concepts like partisanship have conceptual and empirical leverage in ostensibly non-political contests.

03 闭上嘴，去运动：黑人运动员、抗议政治与黑人政治行动

【题目】

Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action

【作者】

CHRISTOPHER C. TOWLER, California State University, Sacramento

NYRON N. CRAWFORD, Temple University 

ROBERT A. BENNETT III, Denison University

【摘要】

体育和名人的结合可以对日常政治产生巨大的影响，对于那些在美国主流社会中代表性不足的群体而言尤其如此。本文探讨了种族、名人和社会运动之间的关系，特别聚焦于科林·卡佩尼克（Colin Kaepernick）对警察暴力的抗议，以及其行动主义是否动员起了美国黑人的政治行动。利用2017年黑人选民项目(BVP)试点研究的数据，我们探讨了2016年大选中非洲裔美国人的政治参与——那是一个没有奥巴马总统作为动员人物的时期。我们发现，即使在考虑了替代性解释之后，强烈支持卡佩尼克抗议的非裔美国人参与政治的比例依然很高。此外，对卡佩尼克的认可也缓和了植根于群体认同中的其他力量，比如对“黑人的命很重要（Black Lives Matter）”运动的认同。最后，卡佩尼克和他领导的抗议运动为非裔美国人提供了强大的动员力量。

The convergence of sports and celebrity can have a powerful influence on everyday politics, especially for groups underrepresented in mainstream American society. This article examines the relationship between race, celebrity, and social movements, specifically Colin Kaepernick’s protest of police violence and whether his activism mobilizes black Americans to political action. Using the 2017 Black Voter Project (BVP) Pilot Study, we explore African American political engagement in the 2016 election, a time devoid of President Obama as a mobilizing figure. We find African Americans who strongly approve of Kaepernick’s protest engage in politics at elevated rates, even after accounting for alternative explanations. Moreover, approval for Kaepernick also moderates other forces rooted in group identity, such as identification with the Black Lives Matter movement. In the end, Kaepernick and the protest movement he leads offers a powerful mobilizing force for African Americans.

04 作为新自由主义政治的咖啡因溶液：名人如何建立和促进和平与发展的伙伴关系

【题目】

Caffeinated Solutions as Neoliberal Politics: How Celebrities Create and Promote Partnerships for Peace and Development

【作者】

ALEXANDRA COSIMA BUDABIN, University of Dayton

【摘要】

名人如何运用权力影响精英和大众关于和平与发展的思想和政策？通过研究新自由主义、名人和道德消费（ethical consumption），笔者建立了一项基于两个品牌援助计划的案例分析。这一分析首先认为，名人通过引入新的私人角色这一新自由主义政治的体现动员金融和政治资本，从而与企业、非政府组织和政府建立起伙伴关系；其次，名人通过向大众和精英观众推广这些伙伴关系，来强化此类新自由主义政治。本文展示了名人如何以对民主政治有影响的方式深化他们的参与，笔者也讨论了本文如何通过这一点揭露新自由主义的趋势。

How do celebrities exert power to influence elite and popular thinking and policy around peace and development? Drawing from research on neoliberalism, celebrities, and ethical consumption, I build an interpretive analysis of two case studies of Brand Aid initiatives to argue first, that celebrities mobilize financial and political capital to create partnerships across businesses, NGOs, and the government in ways that embody neoliberal politics by ushering in new private actors; and second, that celebrities reinforce these neoliberal politics by promoting these partnerships to popular and elite audiences. I discuss how this paper contributes to unmasking neoliberal trends by showing how celebrities are deepening their engagement in ways that hold implications for democratic politics.

05 名人人道主义：通过参与的比喻认识南北关系

【题目】

Celebrity Humanitarianism: Using Tropes of Engagement to Understand North/South Relations

【作者】

LISA ANN RICHEY, Copenhagen Business School

DAN BROCKINGTON, University of Sheffield

【摘要】

名人人道主义的范围、规模和组织在过去的三十年里发生了变化，其蓬勃发展引起了众多学科的浓厚学术兴趣。这些学科具有两个共同特征：首先，这些研究通常联系紧密。这意味着不同的学科并没有发展各自独立的领域，而是相互学习对方的方法，这对于确定不同学科方法可以相互补充非常有用和重要；其次，这种关注主要集中在世界北方的名人人道主义政治上。然而，同时关注南方和南北关系将推动这一领域向前发展。我们认为，名人人道主义必须通过其所属的更广泛的体系来进行解释。我们提供了一个启发式的名人人道主义类型学，这帮助我们继续在不同学科之间架起桥梁，并确定了政治学可以补充现有研究的方法。我们也使用这种类型学来重新关注名人人道主义关系的政治，而不仅仅是北方政治。这种方法使我们能够辨别当前形式的名人人道主义所倡导的政治和政治解决方案。

Celebrity humanitarianism has been transformed in its scope, scale, and organization in the last thirty years. Its flourishing has generated considerable academic interest from a wide variety of disciplines that share two characteristics. First, these studies are—unusually—well connected, which means that different disciplines have not tended to develop their own separate literatures, but learn from each other’s approaches. This makes it useful and important to identify ways different disciplinary approaches can complement each other. Second, most of this attention has focused on politics of celebrity humanitarianism in the global North. Yet focusing also on the South and on North/South relations will move the field forward. We argue that celebrity humanitarianism must be interpreted through the broader systems of which it is a part. We offer a heuristic typology of celebrity humanitarianism that continues to bridge between different disciplines and which identifies ways in which political science can complement existing studies. We also use this typology to refocus work on the politics of celebrity humanitarian relations away from merely Northern politics. This approach allows us to identify what sorts of politics and political solutions are being advocated by current forms of celebrity humanitarianism.

编  译：俞驰韬

审  校：陈佳林

相关阅读：

编辑：欧阳星

一审：陈佳林

二审：袁   丁

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