【功能词汇】阅读理解题文同义转换词汇

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在阅读理解的某些细节题中，正确选项与原文的大意相同但表达方式不同，即进行了同义转换。如2019年全国Ⅰ卷第29题，正确选项中用varyfrom person to person替代了原文中的unique(独一无二的)；2018年全国Ⅰ卷第21题，正确选项中用book替代了原文中的reserve(预订)。对此，我们归纳了常见的146组同义表达，供考生复习参考。事实上，同义结构放在一块记，有助于扩大词汇量；掌握这些同义表达，对阅读和写作，以及解答其他题，都是非常有益的。

同一意思	多种表达
充满	be full of，be  filled with, be flooded with，be crowded with
少数	a minority of, a small  number of
区分	distinguish, tell A  from B
打扰	cause, trouble,  bother, disturb
亲自	personally, in person
描述	describe, give a description  of
只有	only, nobody /nothing  but
后来	afterwards, after  that, later on
出版	come out, be published
缺席	be absent from, be not  present at
尤其	particularly, in  particular
目前	nowadays, at present,  at the present time
锻炼	take exercise, work  out, do sports
宣布	announce /declare sth,  make sth known to the public
谋生	make /earn a living;  make /earn one’s living
重要	count, matter, be  important, significant, vital, crucial, be of importance
代表	represent, stand for,  (be)on behalf of
担心	worry about, be  concerned /anxious about
结合	combine, mix sth up
提到	mention, refer to,  talk about /of
前进	advance, move forward
偶然地	incidentally,  accidentally, casually, occasionally, by chance /accident /coincidence
舒适	comfortable, at ease
展览着	on show /display /exhibition
十年	decade, ten years
两周	fortnight, two weeks
二十	score, twenty
十二	dozen, twelve
勇敢做某事	be brave to do sth,  have courage to do sth
违法的	illegal, not legal,  against the law
满足需要	cater to /meet /satisfy  the need
离开,放弃	abandon, go away from,  leave, give up
成人	adult, grown-up
信任,信赖	trust, believe, have  confidence /faith in
删除	delete, cut out
农村城市	in the countryside /city,  rural /urban areas
下降,减少	decline, come /go  down, drop, fall, decrease, reduce
劝某人做	advise sb to do, try  to persuade sb to do
移走	remove, take away
劝某人不要做	discourage sb from  doing, persuade sb not to do
吸收	absorb, take in
取消	cancel, call off
与……一致	agree /be consistent /correspond  with
进入	enter, come /go into
把……分开	break sth apart, split  /divide /separate sth
逃跑	escape, run away
用A替换B	replace B with A,  substitute A for B; use A as an alternative to B
算出	calculate, figure out,  work out
回答	answer, reply to
开始存在	appear, come into  being, come into existence
收割	harvest, gather, get  in
除……之外	besides, as well as,  in addition to, apart from
抵制	boycott, refuse to  accept, resist, reject
制订计划	make a plan, work out  a plan, draw up a plan
相对立	contradict, be  opposite to
与……不同	differ from, be  different from, vary from…to…
代替	replace, take the place  of
防止疾病	protect…from sickness,  avoid /prevent sickness
背诵	recite, learn…by heart
用完某物	lack sth, run out of  sth, sth run out, sth be used up
害怕	fear, be afraid /scared  of
方式,方法	way, solution,  approach, method, means
退(学)	quit, drop out of (school)
情况良好	in(a) good condition,  in a good state /situation
推迟	delay, postpone, put  off
置若罔闻	turn a deaf ear to，refuse  to listen to
去拿来	fetch, go and bring  back
高兴起来	cheer up, become happy
相匹配	match, go with
全世界	all over /around the  world, internationally, worldwide, globally
精力充沛	energetic, full of  energy
重力	gravity, the pull of  the earth
乱七八糟	in a mess, in disorder
怒视	glare at, look at sth  angrily
气喘吁吁	breathless, out of  breath
平静的	calm, not excited
做出决定	determine, decide,  make a decision
抽象的	abstract, not specific
对……有害	do harm to, be harmful  to
积极的	active, not passive
相似，相像	resemble, be like, be  similar to
残酷地	cruelly, without mercy
低语，耳语	whisper, speak in a  low voice
复杂的	complicated, not  simple, complex
寻找，追求	seek, look /search /hunt  for
人造的	artificial, man-made
茫然，困惑	at a loss, puzzled /confused
故意地	deliberately, on  purpose, purposely
取笑，逗弄	tease, make fun of,  laugh at, amuse
再一次	again, once more, once  again, over and over again
提高，改善	improve, make /become  better
独自地	alone, by oneself
庆祝	celebrate, hold a  celebration
有危险	in danger, at risk
长胖	put on /gain weight,  grow fat
占比例	account for, make up
熟悉	know…well, be familiar  with
青少年	adolescent, teenager
处理	handle, address, settle,  deal with, cope with
看医生	go to see /consult a  doctor
到处	everywhere, here and  there
更喜欢	prefer sth, like sth  better
(使)加速	accelerate, speed up,  quicken
使生气	annoy sb, make sb  angry
值得，应得	deserve sth, be worthy  of sth, be worth doing sth
报道此事	cover /report the  event
给某人某物	allocate sth to sb,  divide sth among sb, give sb sth; offer sb sth
很多，很	a lot(of), a great  deal(of)
保证，确保	ensure, guarantee,  make sure /certain
影响交通	hold up /block traffic
一年一次的	annual, yearly, every  year
澄清,阐明	clarify, make sth  clear
可进入接近的	be accessible, be easy  to enter/reach /use
可得到的	be available, be  easily got
使能做某事	enable sb to do, make  sb able to do
吸引某人	interest /attract /draw  sb, appeal to sb, catch sb’s eye /attention
宁做A不做B	do A rather than B, do  A instead of B
无论如何	anyhow, in any way
出国	go abroad, go to a  foreign country
在……后面	behind, at the back of
控告某人犯有	accuse sb of sth,  charge sb with sth
无论什么	whatever, no matter  what
成功做某事	manage to do sth,  succeed in doing sth
使某人高兴	cheer sb up, make sb  happy
突然笑起来	burst into laughter,  burst out laughing
雇用某人	employ /hire sb, take  sb on
不理，忽视	ignore, overlook, pay  no attention to
受欢迎的	be popular, be well  received
挨饿,  饿死	starve, go hungry, die  from hunger
得出结论	conclude, draw a conclusion
充当；起……的作用	act as, serve as
弄明白	figure out, find out
榜样	model, example
试验	try out, test
完成，实现	accomplish, get  through, succeed in, complete, achieve
想法，设想	theory, idea
反对	be against, oppose,  object to, disagree with, disapprove of
作报告	give a presentation /talk  /speech
认为	think /believe that,  hold the view that, argue /claim that
辍学，退学	drop out of /leave  school
老年人	old people, the old,  senior citizens, the aged, the elderly
聪明的	clever, bright, wise,  smart
旨在做	aim /be aimed at  doing, be designed /intended to do, be meant to do sth
优于，胜过	have the advantage  over, have the edge over, be better than
对某人生气	get angry with sb, get  cross with sb, be annoyed with sb
有机会使用做	have access to sth,  have the chance of doing sth
对……全然不知	be in the dark about,  know nothing about
告诉某人某事	tell sb sth, inform sb  of sth, keep sb informed of sth
致力于	apply /bend /commit /devote  oneself to, be bent /committed /devoted to
一……就……	on doing; immediately,  directly, instantly; as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly /scarely…when; the  moment, the minute, the second, the instant

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