五个日本年轻人眼里的《安保法案》
译注：我们常说相比德国，战后的日本社会缺少反思，甚至不少政治家通过参拜战犯来博得民众好感。另一方面，也不乏有资深的旅日人士说，日本普通人温和善良，远离政治，没人愿意再为天皇效忠。
两者并不冲突，而真正的危险可能恰恰在于日本社会似是而非的态度——借用所谓苏格拉底的话：“unexamined life is not worth living”——麦克阿瑟将军安排的日本和平主义与德国的不同在于，德国人通过反思“大屠杀”的历史认识到和平“康德式”的内在意义，而不仅是功利主义的那种“不打仗就不死人”的表面好处。
相反，日本的改造路径是“阉割”民众思考政治的意志，将日本人变成未经反思的、远离政治的所谓和平主义者，其中隐蔽的危险恰恰是不易发觉的。与“经过思考并决定不去打仗”不同，“没有思考却以为可以不打仗”的心态天然地易于被操纵，如若经济形势恶化促进极右派上台，并推行一套有效的意识形态宣传，不去思考政治的群众恰恰是最容易被政治操纵的，从平头百姓到国家机器只有一夜之间。
撇开一笔说说国人，究竟如何让西方相信中国人爱好和平、不事扩张，这源于一种“不可救药”的“中国性”——说不好听点，叫缺少一种高尚的精神，或者说对私人生活而非公共生活的执拗偏好，国人不会理解西方传教士那种致力于某种与家族利益无关的虔诚举动，以普渡众生为旨趣的佛教来到天朝就变化为“求财求子求福”的好运彩票，国人能把任何宏大的历史观篡解成各种非哲学的私人对策。
你可能要提出抗议，中国在过去几十年中，不是受意识形态桎梏最严重的民族吗？但仔细对基层情况加以观察，就会发现在“阶级斗争”的旗号下，人们对“多拿多占”“损公肥私”的兴趣远大于投身共产主义事业的决心，那不过是无政府主义状态下的极端私人对策而已。这种“中国性”一方面让人哀叹中国人何以蝇营狗苟，对自己的利益锱铢必较，对公共性事务从不较真；也从另一方面决定了，即便在强大的民族主义煽动下，国人也不大可能主动走向战争之路，毕竟搭上命太划不来，自家老母妻儿还要养活。
“人人为己”不正是自由主义的重要原则吗？中国的集体主义说来不过是一种伪集体主义，其要义在于自己捞好处、集体担责任。与之相比，凡事喜欢较真的日本人在某种程度上践行着一种真正的集体主义，二战后美国将军改造这种集体主义的方式是对之加以压抑，而非促进人民的公开讨论和反思，一度连富士山的画像都要查抄，只因富士山象征了日本民族精神，这样的办法在长远看来，走错了方向。
对于宜疏不宜堵的东西，不创造反思的文化，就会在潜意识中形成一种逆反心理——我不关心政治，但有人去挑战政治的红线，我反倒觉得他担当，值得信赖，这就造就了何以不少日本政客要通过参拜靖国神社捞取政治资本。
议会门口的抗议团体是个好的开始，这并不在于抗议是否真能阻止安保法案——事实上，阻止已经失败，更重要的是，它开始敦促日本年轻人去思考自己的前途和人类的前途，这是一场日本式的政治启蒙运动。
It was clear that the voice cutting through the night air in Japan’s political nerve centre did not belong to a veteran of the country’s anti-war movement.
显然，在日本政治神经中枢划破夜空的声音不是该国的某位反战老兵。
Right on cue, the crowd repeated each high-pitched yell of “Abe wa yamero!” (Abe, quit!) – first at normal pace, and then with a rhythm borrowed from hip-hop and inspired by pure, unadulterated rage.
有人一起头，众人就高声尖叫着“安倍下台”，一开始倒还语调平平，之后就成了hip-hop，全然是发自本心的愤慨。
Then, in English, a simple statement that has come to define a Japanese summer of public discontent, the likes of which it has not seen in a generation: “This is what democracy looks like!”
“这就是民主的样子。”他们用这句话形容今年夏天日本公众的愤怒，这种事现在一代人从未经历过。
Amid the trade union and civic group banners were colourful, bilingual placards held aloft by a new generation of activists who have assumed the mantle of mass protest as braces for the biggest shift in its defence posture for 70 years.
工会和社会团体举着各色旗帜，新一代社会活动者高举着双语牌子，当日本七十年来的国防姿态要发生最重大转变时，他们继承了大众抗议的衣钵。
By the end of this week, the prime minister, , and his ruling coalition are expected to pass a series of security bills that parts of Japan’s war-renouncing constitution to allow troops to fight overseas for the first time since the end of the second world war.
本周末，安倍晋三首相和他的执政联盟预计将通过一系列安保法案，重新定义日本的反战宪法，二战以来首次允许军队赴海外作战。
注：当地时间本月17日下午，在日本参议院安保法特别委员会上，日本执政联盟凭借人数优势通过了安保相关法案。
He insists that the changes will enable to respond more effectively to security threats from a more assertive China, a nuclear-armed North Korea and Islamist terrorism. Opinion polls show a majority of voters oppose the move.
安倍坚称变革将让日本有效的应对日益强势的中国带来的安全威胁、朝鲜的核威胁和伊斯兰恐怖主义。民调显示大多数选民反对这一举措。
It is testament to the disquiet the protests have caused that Abe appears determined to pass the bills by Friday, ahead of five straight days of public holidays that could bring even bigger crowds out on the streets.
安倍决心在周五前通过法案，说明抗议让他颇显焦虑，此时距公众假日还有五天，届时通过会有更多的群众游行。
The suspicion that he is abusing his coalition’s comfortable majority to through parliament has brought teens and people in their 20s on to the streets in unprecedented numbers.
因怀疑安倍会滥用执政联盟多数权利为法案通过保驾护航，日本少年和青年上街游行的数量空前增加。
The most prominent group, Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy – Sealds for short – has its roots in public opposition to the 2013 state secrets law, under which whistleblowers and journalists face imprisonment for revealing and reporting sensitive information.
最积极的团体“学生自由民主应急行动”（简称Sealds）曾反对2013年的国家秘密法，该法规定泄露和报道敏感信息的告密者和记者将面临监禁。
With every gathering outside parliament, Sealds members are challenging the notion that protesters in Japan must be above a certain age, an eccentric or a Marxist ideologue.
每次在议会外集会，Sealds成员都挑战抗议者必须达到一定年龄的认识，这不啻为一种怪异或马克思主义的意识形态。
They are not embarrassed about their interest in fashion and music, and they are comfortable about replacing their predecessors’ radicalism with a simple faith in freedom and democracy.
他们不以喜欢时尚和音乐感到尴尬，他们不推崇前辈的极端主张，转而相信自由和民主。
“They are galvanising other age groups,” said Koichi Nakano, a politics professor at Sophia University in Tokyo. “Sealds projects the image that you can be normal and fashionable and political at the same time.”
东京上智大学政治学教授Koichi Nakano说：“他们激活了其他年龄的人，Sealds的形象既是平民的，又是时尚的，同时还是政治的。”
I came to a demonstration on my own last year and noticed there were lots of young people. I hadn’t had many opportunities to discuss politics, so it was fun to demonstrate with other people my age.
我大四的时候来参加抗议，我注意到这里有很多年轻人。我以前讨论政治的机会不多，和同龄人一起抗议很有意思。
To be honest, I wasn’t always interested in politics. I kept up with the news, but it never occurred to me to join a demo. The catalyst for me was the debate over collective self-defence. When I come to a demonstration I get a proper feel for the public mood, and I’m inspired to do more.
说实话，我对政治不怎么感兴趣。我关心新闻，可没想过会参加抗议。讨论集体自卫权让我产生这个想法。来抗议时，我感到一种不错的公众情绪，我受到激励，做更多事情。
Even though Japan hasn’t been attacked, the idea of attacking another country, or going to war alongside, say, America, doesn’t make sense. The US might be grateful for our help, but can we be sure that they will protect us?
日本没受到攻击时，我们去攻击另一个国家，或者说和美国一道去打仗，这没道理。美国倒是感谢我们了，可你能确保他们会保护我们吗？
In any case, what are they supposed to be defending us from? We’re always hearing about how China is a threat to Japanese national security, but is that really the case?
不管如何，他们能给我们什么保护呢？我们总听说中国对日本国家安全是一种威胁，这是如此吗？
I know that some politicians have called us selfish. Well, if it’s selfish to oppose war, then, yes, I suppose I am selfish. Young Japanese aren’t as politically aware as people in other countries, but that’s because we’ve been educated to think that way.
我知道有些政治家说我们自私。如果反战是一种自私，好吧，我承认我自私。日本的年轻人不想其他国家的人那样懂政治，可那是因为我们受到了如是的教育。
There’s a tendency in Japan to believe that because someone in power says everything is going to be OK, then it will. Like prime minister Abe is always saying there is no risk of Japan being dragged into a war.
日本有一种倾向，认为当权的人说一切都没问题，就真的没问题，就像安倍首相总说人本没有被拖入战争之虞。
I became involved in the anti-war movement quite recently. On my birthday this June I took part in a sit-down protest. There were lots of older people there, and one of them gave me a pamphlet about Sealds.
我不久前才参加反战运动的，今年六月过生日时，我参加了静坐。那里有许多大孩子，其中一个发给我Sealds的资料。
The way the security bills are being pushed through parliament amounts to the destruction of democracy and constitutionalism.
推动安保法案在议会通过的方式摧毁了民主和宪政主义。
The Japanese constitution guarantees respect for human rights and is pro-peace. It calls on everyone to work together to realise its aims, and now Abe has come along and decided he wants to destroy all that.
日本宪法保障人权，主张和平，宪法号召每个人共同努力实现其宗旨，现在安倍以来，就想要毁掉这一切。
I’ve always been moved by John F Kennedy’s speech, the one in which he talks about not shrinking from our responsibility to defend freedom.
我总为J.F.肯尼迪的演讲感动，他谈到我们面临捍卫自由的责任不要畏缩。
That way of thinking is reflected in the Japanese constitution. I can’t accept that one person can come along like some kind of king and declare it null and void.
这是日本宪法的思考方式，我不能接受有人像皇帝一样，宣布宪法的原则无效。
The point of politics is to promote the common good. So we’re the complete opposite of selfish in what we’re doing. We’re defending our rights – it’s as simple as that.
政治的宗旨在于促进公众利益，我们所作所为与自私恰恰相反，我们在捍卫我们的权利，就这么简单。
My grandmother lives in Fukushima, so when the nuclear accident happened I remember thinking that political decisions really do have a direct effect on my life.
我奶奶住在福岛，核泄漏事故发生时，我就在想，那个政治决定会对我的生活发生直接影响。
I was at high school at the time, but none of my friends were interested in politics. Last year, I went to a protest and realised there were other young people who felt the same way I did.
我当时上高中，没有朋友对政治感冒。去年，我参加抗议，意识到还有年轻人和我志同道合。
The constitution is something we should treasure – especially article nine (which renounces war as a means of solving international disputes).
宪法是我们应该珍视的，特别是第九条（放弃战争作为解决国际争端的方式）。
For the past 70 years, Japan hasn’t killed anyone overseas, and no Japanese have been killed in war. That’s an incredible thing. With collective self-defence the risk of people dying will be much higher.
过去70年里，日本没有在海外杀过人，没有人本人在战争中被杀。这很了不起。有了集体自卫权，日本人的死亡危险就高得多。
We all have the right to make our individual voices heard, to come together and share our ideas … that’s why we’re here in front of parliament just about every night.
我们有权发出自己的声音，携起手来共享我们的思想，这就是我们为什么每晚站在议会门口。
People who say we are selfish seem to think that citizens are there to be used by their country, including making them go to war. It should be the other way round – the nation is there for the benefit of the people.
人们说我们自私，他们以为公民是可以被国家利用的东西，包括去战争。恰恰相反，国家是为人民利益服务的。
I agree that, in general, young Japanese are indifferent to politics. When I think back to when I was at school, I had no friends with whom I could talk about politics, but later I spoke up and found that, actually, lots of people are worried about what’s happening with the security bills.
我同意，日本人总的来说不关心政治。回想在学校里，没人能和我聊政治，可后来我表达出来，发现其实很多人都对安保法案的进程表示担忧。
I joined the anti-war group for teenagers because for the first time something was happening politically that I thought would have an impact on my life.
我参加青年反战团体，因为我第一次发现某些政治事件可能会影响到我的生活。
If this law goes through it will make it easier for Japan to go to war, for whatever reason – it could be economic, not just political. That will affect not just me, but my school friends too.
如果法律通过，日本就会更容易参战，不论什么原因，可能只是经济原因，而非政治原因。这不仅会影响我，也会影响我学校里的朋友。
I wouldn’t say I was influenced by my family, or by a public figure. I just felt moved to get involved. My dad talks about politics and he has encouraged me, but my mum is worried. She thinks that what we’re doing is a little dangerous.
我不会说我受家庭或某个政治人物的影响。我就是觉得应该参与其中。我爸爸谈政治，他鼓励我参与，但妈妈很忧心。她觉得我们做的事有点危险。
People have said that getting involved so publicly at my age could damage my job prospects. I honestly don’t think that when I’m job-hunting in a few years’ time that I’ll be asked about my political activism. If I am, I’ll be honest, and if I don’t get the job, then that probably isn’t the right company for me anyway.
人们说我这个年纪就涉足公共事务会毁了我的工作前景，说实话，我不认为几年后我找工作时，会被问到我的政治运动经历。如果被问到，我就坦诚相告，如果我因此没找到工作，可能那个公司也不适合我。
This movement will continue even after the security bills pass. It’s not just about one issue – there are lots of other things that worry me about the Abe government. I’m not old enough to vote, so joining these protests is the only way I can make my feelings known.
安保法案通过后，我们还要继续下去，这不仅是一件事，安倍政府令人担忧的事很多。我还太年轻不能投票，所以参加抗议是唯一能表达感受的办法。
I attended my first demonstration in June, but my political awakening happened after the March 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima. I talked about what had happened with my family.
我六月第一次参加抗议，可我的政治觉醒要追溯到2011年3月福岛发生核事故时，那时我和家人谈时事。
My older sister was already an anti-nuclear activist, so she took me along to a demonstration. I met other people my age there, so I decided to get properly involved.
我姐姐是一个反核运动者，她带我参加了一次抗议，我碰到和我年龄相仿的人，我决定参与其中。
When I first heard about the security bills I was worried. I felt it affected me … I kept thinking about what could happen if this really became law. People have called us naïve, but does anyone really want Japan to go to war, even the people who support the security bills? It’s natural to want to avoid war, so I don’t think I’m being naive or selfish at all.
我第一次听到安保法案时很担忧，我觉得这会对我产生影响……我一直想如果真得通过了会如何。大家说我太天真，可真有人希望日本卷入战争吗？就算那些支持安保法案的人也希望吗？避免战争的想法很自然，我一点儿都不认为自己天真或自私。
My friends used to think I was a bit strange, but some of them have been coming up to me at school and saying, “You’re doing a good thing.”
我的朋友过去觉得我有点怪，但也有些人到学校来找我说：“你们在做一件好事。”
At this point, the most important thing is to defend democracy – to make sure there’s a discussion before any decisions are made. My parents influenced me to an extent, but I’ve always liked the Beatles, and I’m a huge fan of John Lennon. The Japanese singer has also been a big influence.
在这一点上，最重要的事实捍卫民主，确保作出结论前充分讨论。我父母在某种程度上影响了我，我喜欢甲壳虫，我还是约翰列侬的死忠粉，日本歌手忌野清志郎也对我影响很大。
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答案：
哪位首相不属于日本右翼？ 菅直人
曾经再度任职日本首相的是？ 安倍晋三和吉田茂