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“没有考试”的教育是个什么教育?

Brad 一土教育 2019-07-03


这是一土教育的第 268 篇文章

作者:Brad,一土教研副校长

翻译:陈楚,一土创校数学老师

视频:芬兰孩子们的垃圾分类比赛


“芬兰的教育系统根植于信任之上。我们不需要有人来检查老师。我们也不需要所谓测评。”一位来自芬兰坦佩雷Voures学校的教育工作者说到。


"The Finnish education system is built on trust. We don't have people coming to check on our teachers. We don't need assessments." - Educator at Voures School in Tampere, Finland.


我们在芬兰坦佩雷参加未来教育论坛(the Future of Education Forum)期间,测评与评估一直是热议话题。如何测评学生?用什么样的评估方式确保学生达到学习目标?芬兰教育工作者们回答通常是“我们芬兰的教育体系是基于信任的。”或是“我们并不测评。”


Throughout our time here at the Future of Education Forum in Tampere, Finland, assessments and evaluations have been a consistent topic. How are students assessed? What evaluations are used to ensure students are achieving learning standards? The typical answers from the Finnish educators are “the system is built on trust,” and “we don’t assess.” 


中国的教育者们一向热衷于数据、课标或基准量来测量学习的进展,因此这些回答看起来似乎不可理喻。而实际上,芬兰的教育是有测评体系的,只不过不是以我们熟悉的方式来进行评价。


Chinese educators crave data, standards and benchmarks to gauge progress, so these answers seem somewhat incomprehensible. In fact, there are assessments in Finnish education, just not what we are used to.


广州一土负责人李志伟(左)和Brad在芬兰坦佩雷Voures学校。Brad/供图

▲Zhiwei Li, the Executive Principal of ETU Guangzhou and Brad at Voures School in Tampere, Finland. Photo by Brad Walsh.


我们有幸参访了Voures学校,一所近来快速发展坐落于坦佩雷城中心外的进步主义公立学校。学校有全面的健康设施、牙科诊所,教室建成森林里小木屋的样子,还具备其他所有你能想到芬兰学校会提供的便利设施。其中最为突出的是这所学校丰富却又精巧的学生发展评估方法。


We had the opportunity to visit Voures School, which is a fast-growing, progressive public school located just outside Tampere’s city center. They offer a full on-site health and dental clinic, classrooms in the form of cottages in the woods, and all the other great amenities you would come to expect from a Finnish school. What stood out most at this school was their rich, yet subtle, method of evaluating student development.


作为教室的森林里的小木屋。Brad/供图

▲The classroom in the form of cottages in the woods. Photo by Brad Walsh.


走过小班、托儿所和学前班教室,我们被一样东西吸引住了。那里有一整面墙——上面贴满了对话框、拼图、卡片、学生的绘画和笔记。“这是我们的‘分享墙’。我们把学生成长的发展目标以及相应反馈都展示在上面。”诶,这听起来不是一种评估吗?


Walking past the pre-k, daycare and kindergarten classes, something spotted our group’s eye. There was a wall full of speech bubbles, puzzles, cards, student drawings, and notes. “This is our ‘sharing wall’ where we post development goals and feedback on student growth.” Doesn’t that sound like a form of evaluation?


坦佩雷Voures学校的“分享墙”。Brad/供图

▲A "sharing wall" at Voures School inTampere, Finland. Photo by Brad Walsh


Voures与芬兰其他的幼儿教育学校一样专注于五大学习领域:丰富的语言,多元的表达,自我与社区,探索并同环境互动,生长、运动与发展。此中每一个学习领域都有它们各自的定义与标准。


Voures, like all early childhood care schools in Finland focus on five main learning areas: rich world of languages, diverse forms of expression, oneself and their community, exploring and interacting with one’s environment, and growing, moving and developing. Each of these learning areas has their own definition and set of standards.


在分享墙上,老师们以对话框和拼图块的形式贴出了五大学习领域的内容。在每个学期开始及这之后每几周一次的时间里,家长和老师都会见面讨论学生在每个学习领域中可实践的行为发展目标。这样一来,家校之间通过共同解读学习领域目标,理解并达成了教育孩子的共识。


On the sharing wall, the teachers post the five learning areas as speech bubbles and puzzle pieces. At the beginning of each semester, and continuously every few weeks over the semester, the parents and teachers meet to discuss actionable behavior goals for the students in each of the learning areas. By doing so, they create interpretations of these learning areas that are understood and agreed upon by everyone.


▲记录学生成长足迹的学生绘画作品及笔记文档。Brad/供图

▲Student drawings and notes document student growth. Photo by Brad Walsh.


这些行为发展目标会列在每个学习领域旁边,并且是用学生能够理解的语言来表述的,因为学生才是最终动手去习得这些技能的人。


The goals are then listed next to the learning areas. The goals are written in language that the child comprehends, because in the end they are the ones working on developing these skills. 


当学生通过在家或学校进行的多项任务和活动达成这些学习目标后,老师与家长(或学生)以不同的方式将这些进展(例如,文字、绘画等)记录在分享墙上。一学期结束时,学生在墙上的成长足迹会被拍成照片存进学生的档案袋中。


As children accomplish these goals through various tasks and activities at home or at school, parents and teachers (or students) record this development in different forms (i.e. notes, drawings, etc.) on the wall. At the end of the semester, a picture is taken of the wall, and documented in the child’s portfolio.


▲ 来自老师、家长和学生的关于学习目标的行为解释。Brad/供图

▲The behavior interpretations of the learning goal from parents, teachers and students. Photo by Brad Walsh.


从老师的角度来说,使用这样的评估方式也有多种益处。一方面,公开展览目标呈现出了哪些目标是重点,哪些目标还需更多关注。这其实是帮助老师给目标分类,并根据学情确定各类具体的学习目标。另一方面,分享墙能够有效地激励学生完成学习目标。家长、老师和学生能同时为学习目标助力,并公开分享进展,实现了多方共赢的局面。


From the teacher’s standpoint, there are many benefits to using this evaluation method. For one, public presentation of the goals show what are being most targeted and which goals need more attention. This helps teachers differentiate targets, and make learning goals more needs-based. Additionally, the sharing wall method is effective in motivating students to achieve their goals. With parents, teachers and kids providing input on their learning goals and publicly sharing the progress, there is greater buy-in from all parties.


▲学生所记录的关于“好”“一般”“糟糕” 的经历。Brad/供图

▲A student wrote the number of good, so-so, and bad experiences thay had one week in a learning area. Photo by Brad Walsh.


事实上,芬兰的教育系统中的确有评估体系存在,尽管在八年级之前很少有对学生分数性的评级,但对于学生的评估贯穿于整个学习过程,甚至在儿童教育的早期(小班)就开始进行了。这些也许不是我们惯常所见的评估方式,却充分体现出芬兰人偏爱打破常规又还能实现高质量教育的常态。


In reality, the Finnish education system does have an evaluation system. And, it’s even implemented in the early years (as early as pre-kindergarten). This may not be the traditional evaluation format we are used to seeing, but the Finns have shown a penchant for breaking the norm and still delivering effective education.

一土学校评估方式一览


在一土,我们一直使用个性化评估方式,关注的是过程性的评估,多维度搭建学生成长体系。和我们培养“内心充盈的乐天行动者、理性创新的高效学习者”的育人目标一样,一土在评估上也充分体现了“全人培养”、探索教育“水下冰山”的理念。除了教给学生知识与技能,我们更看重培养孩子面对21世纪所应具备的核心能力,包括创造力、沟通与写作能力、批判性思考的能力等,以及性格力量和社会责任,最终实现深层次的自我认知。

探索教育的“水下冰山


在一土,老师们用多种方式记录学生们的成长轨迹,并与学生共同回顾。一土建立了多元的学生评估体系,一方面让孩子全面地看到成长、理解成长;另一方面,也希望能让不同特点的孩子都有机会认识和发展自身的天赋。这其中包括学科及非学科能力评估报告、多媒体档案袋、学生主导会议、展示性评估、第三方评估等来全面评价学生的成长和发展:


1.在学科及非学科能力评估报告方面,每学期末,家长都将在晨犀 App(一土自主开发的教学辅助工具和家校沟通平台)上收到电子版学生评估报告。评估报告主要包括根据语文、数学、英语等课程标准制定的学生学科能力评估;项目制学习中,学生在问题解决、创造力、团队协作、沟通与展示等方面的综合评估;包括手眼协调、注意力、记忆与推理能力等多项指标的学生心理素质评估;学生在校行为数据评估。 



2.在学生档案袋方面,老师在学期初通过和学生共同商议,形成既能涵盖学科知识和主题,又能发展个人能力和兴趣的个性化学习计划,并在整个学期过程中,持续收集学生的学习成果,最终形成专属于每个学生的学生档案。


一土学校期末评估报告


3.项目成果展示方面,展示是项目学习的一部分,也是评估的一种形式:学生们有机会选择和决定展示什么;有机会选择和决定如何展示;有机会思考和发展自己的特长;有机会给予和获得来自小伙伴的反馈。

每个学生都有机会展示自己的天赋


4.学生主导的家长会(SLC)是由学生以互动的方式向家长们展示自己的学习成果。在这个过程中,学生将能动地反思自己的学习成果和学习过程;分析自身的成功和不足,了解自身的学习风格和特点;确立自身的学习目标,建立起学生对自己的学习和决定的拥有感;锻炼逻辑思考能力与沟通表达能力,经历探究性学习,发展元认知能力,为成为终身学习者储备力量。


在一土的期末家长会上,学生自己向家长们汇报学习成果


此外,一土还和与美国的第三方测评机构 NWEA 合作,应用 MAP 测评体系,帮助老师针对孩子的需求给予针对性辅导,制定个性化的加速高计划,其多维度的测评体系也是检验教师教学进度和成果的有效工具。

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