Explainer: Everything You Need to Know About Mid-Autumn Festival
By Jonty Dixon
The Explainer is where we explain an aspect of Chinese life. Simple. So now you know.
Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as the 'Harvest Moon Festival' or 'Mooncake Festival,' is the traditional Chinese holiday held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Chinese calendar. Called Zhōngqiū Jié (中秋节) in Mandarin and Jūng-chāu Jit (中秋節) in Cantonese, the festival is celebrated across the length and breadth of the mainland as well as in Hong Kong and Taiwan. This year the festival falls on September 15th, so prepare to loosen those belts for all those mooncakes.
Origins of Mid-Autumn Festival
This ancient festival dates back to the harvest celebrations of Shang Dynasty China (c.16th to 10th Century BC). The festival began with the worshipping of the Mountain Gods following the completed harvest. The term ‘Mid-Autumn’ first appeared in the Rites of Zhou written between 1046-771 BC. However, the festival only started gaining in popularity in the period of the early Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) following Emperor Xuanzong of Tang's decision to start holding formal celebrations after exploring the Moon-Palace.
Moon worship was central to early Chinese belief, as the moon symbolized rejuvenation and fertility amongst women and the harvest. As such, offerings may be made to the lunar deity Chang'e (pictured above), who is also known as 'The Moon Goddess of Immortality.'
Mooncakes
Mooncakes, those pastries you're seeing everywhere at the moment, are absolutely central to the Mid-Autumn Festival. The round shape symbolizes completeness and reunion and are traditionally gifted to family and friends to symbolize unity and completeness. The correct way to eat them is for the senior member of the household to cut them into slices and distribute them with the family.
The typical mooncake is only a few inches in diameter, and is traditionally filled with either five kernel and pork, red bean paste or lotus seed paste, however, more contemporary styles and fillings, such as and , are becoming increasingly popular.
The history behind mooncakes is long and varied. According to legend, a Turpan businessman offered Emperor Taizong of Tang the cakes following his victory against Xiongnu on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. After receiving the cakes, Taizong held up the cake to the moon and compared their shapes. Eventually the cakes became known as 'mooncakes.' After Taizong received the cakes, he began to share them with his advisors and officials, thus beginning the tradition of sharing mooncakes with family and friends.
According to another legend, the mooncakes were central to the uprising of the Han Chinese over their Mongol overlords at the end of the Yuan dynasty (1280-1368). The Han Chinese, as the story goes, used the mooncakes to hide the message that the rebellion was to happen on Mid-Autumn Day. The popularity of mooncakes meant that the information was able to disseminate quickly to most of the Han Chinese.
Other Traditions
Lanterns are another prominent part of the festival. Whether it's people carrying them, or towers floating lanterns, or lighting lanterns on towers, brightly lit lanterns play conspicuous part in the festivities. While their origins are unclear, with some saying they have the same fertility origins as the ancient Mid-Autumn celebrations, what’s clear now is that they have come to symbolize the festival itself.
If you’ve still got room after eating all those mooncakes, try other traditional imperial dishes, including nine-jointed lotus roots, which symbolizes peace, and watermelons cut into the shape of lotus petals, symbolizing reunion. In the south of the country, fruits such as apples, oranges, peaches, grapes and pomelos are eaten widely.
Whatever you’re doing this Mid-Autumn Festival, make sure you enjoy yourself and eat lots of mooncakes—but just be prepared to work off those glutinous treats after the festival is over!
[Images via Huffington Post, Sense Vietnam, Visit Beijing]
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