四六级翻译专题训练 |Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝

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Four Treasures of the Study (wén fáng sì bǎo 文房四宝 ) is an expression used to refer to the ink brush, inkstick, paper and inkstone used in Chinese calligraphy. The name stems from the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (nán běi cháo 南北朝).

The Brush (máo bǐ 毛笔)

Various Brush Pens

BrushThe brush pen was invented very early in China's history. Brush pen use can date to at least three thousand years ago. The construction of brushes are adapted to a specific purpose such as painting or calligraphy and desired effect to be achieved such as clearly defined characters or blurred ones. And unlike conventional pens with a metal point, a brush pen is made from fine, soft animal hair. The resulting flexibility of the point of the brush pen is perhaps its most unique feature. A brush pen can be manipulated not only to the left and right on a two-dimensional plane, but can also be raised up and down, creating lines of varying thicknesses and endless variations. Many aspects of Chinese painting and calligraphy developed due to the special characteristics of the brush pen.

The brush pens are classified by the type of hair used: goat hair (yáng háo 羊毫), wolf hair (láng háo 狼毫), and purple hair (zǐ háo 紫毫). Wolf hair brushes are actually made from weasel hair and purple hair brushes from rabbit hair. Goat hair brushes are soft, flexible, and absorbent. Purple hair brushes produce bold lines and are best suited to calligraphy. Sometimes, to achieve a balance between steely and feathery lines, a brush that combines hair from two different types of animals is used. Not only is the handle made from bamboo, wood, lacquer, and porcelain, but also from precious materials including mother-of-pearl inlay, ivory, and jade. Usually, painters and calligraphers have several types of brushes on hand to adapt to individual purposes and preferences.

Brush

selecing the writing brush

The Chinese brush may be big or small, stiff or soft. The important thing is that it serve your own practical purpose. Generally, a big, soft brush is used to write large characters and a small, stiff one to write small characters. The point must be "round like an awl (zuàn 钻)" that can be "pressed like a chisel (záo zi 凿子)". The Chinese brush point should have the following characteristics: roundness, pointedness, evenness and strength. Roundness means the point should be rounded and robust. Pointed-ness means it should be as sharp or pointed as an awl. Evenness means that when you spread the brush and hold it down, the brush is even. Strength means the point is flexible or elastic. You can moisten a new brush in your mouth, then press it forward and backward on your thumb. The brush will go round and round smoothly. When you pick the brush up, it will return to its former shape naturally becoming as sharp and pointed as before. This means your brush is all right.

The Inkstick (mò 墨)

InkstoneThe ink-stick is the pigment of Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. Initially, natural ink or half-natural ink was generally used. Eventually, artificial ink appeared. The Inkstick is made from a mixture of soot and resin, molded into stick form. The three types of soot most commonly used pine, oil, and lacquer soot. A good inkstick is finely grained and has an even and smooth texture. It is firm and not sticky. It is pure, solid black in color, without murkiness or roughness.

Protecting your brush ink stick

A new brush has a sticky coating that must be removed by immersing the brush in warm water (do not use hot water). The hair will then fluff out. Do not try to remove the glue by force. Do not use your teeth to remove the glue. The glue on brushes for writing small characters should be removed from two fifths of the length of the hair. The glue on brushes for writing medium-sized characters should be removed from half the length of the hair, and the glue on brushes for writing big characters should be removed from two thirds the length of the hair. It is not advisable to remove all the glue from the brush. If it is removed entirely, the brush will not have the required force or rigor. How much glue should be removed just depends on the convenience of the user.

The brush for writing big characters must be washed in clean water after use. Be sure no ink is left on the brush, which should be carefully groomed. The brush should be hung up with the tip downward. The brush for writing small characters must be put in a sheath after use, to protect it from gluing up. If the brush is not used for a long time, it must be kept in a box or a bag. Camphor balls (zhāng nǎo wán 樟脑丸) should be used to protect the brush from being moth-eaten.

Four Treasures of the StudyPaper (zhǐ 纸)

Paper was invented by a Chinese named Cai Lun around 105 A.D. Slowly, paper supplanted traditional bamboo slips and silk. Seven hundred years later, papermaking technology was absorbed by Islamic countries. Around the 13th century, paper began replacing papyrus and parchment in Europe.

The Inkstone (yàn 砚)

To use the traditional inkstick, an inkstone is required. As the name suggests, most inkstones are made of stone. The stone used must be of relatively fine whetstone (mò shí 磨石) materials so the bristles of the brush pen are not damaged and to facilitate the grinding of the inkstick could. A little water is added to the inkstone, and the inkstick is ground. The result is ink, and the inkstone acts as an inkwell. Inkstones are extremely durable. In ancient times, artisans would have their names or other words engraved on their inkstones to be passed on to future generations.

Modernization

While retaining the strengths of the traditional "four treasures of the study," modern technology and materials are being applied to make these treasures even more practical and suited to the needs of the user. The dependence of the Chinese arts of calligraphy and painting on this set of "treasures of the study" to express the ideas, writing system, experience, and feelings of the Chinese people has brought forth an eternal cultural institution. As a result, Chinese calligraphy (shū fǎ 书法) and painting has sparked much interest and discussion in the international art world.

文房四宝

文房四宝，是中国独有的文书工具，即笔、墨、纸、砚。文房四宝之名，起源于南北朝时期（420年—589年），因为中国古代文人要经常使用毛笔、墨、宣纸、砚台，它们是文人书房中必备的四件宝贝。“文房四宝”在南唐时指诸葛笔、徽州李廷圭墨、澄心堂纸，江西婺源龙尾砚。自宋朝以来“文房四宝”指湖笔（浙江省湖州）、徽墨（安徽省徽州）、宣纸（安徽省宣州）、端砚（广东省肇庆，古称端州），它们不仅具有实用价值，也是融绘画、书法、雕刻、装饰等为一体的艺术品。 2007年，中国科学院科技史所、中国文房四宝协会，向联合国教科文组织申报为世界级“非物质文化遗产”。

最早的毛笔，大约可追溯到二千多年之前。西周以上虽然迄今尚未见有毛笔的实物，但从史前的彩陶花纹、商代的甲骨文等上可觅到些许用笔的迹象。东周的竹木简、缣帛上已广泛使用毛笔来书写。湖北省随州市擂鼓墩曾侯乙墓发现了春秋时期的毛笔，是目前发现最早的笔。其后，湖南省长沙市左家公山出土的战国笔，湖北省云梦县睡虎地、甘肃省天水市放马滩出土的秦笔，及长沙马王堆、湖北省江陵县凤凰山、甘肃省武威市、敦煌市悬泉置和马圈湾、内蒙古自治区古居延地区的汉笔，武威的西晋笔等都是上古时代遗存的不可多得的宝贵资料。

笔

在林林总总的笔类制品中，毛笔可算是中国独有的品类了。传统的毛笔不但是古人必备的文房用具，而且在表达中华书法、绘画的特殊韵味上具有与众不同的魅力。不过由于毛笔易损，不好保存，故留传至今的古笔实属凤毛麟角。

古笔的品种较多，从笔毫的原料上来分，就曾有兔毛、白羊毛、青羊毛、黄羊毛、羊须、马毛、鹿毛、麝毛、獾毛、狸毛、貂鼠毛、鼠须、鼠尾、虎毛、狼尾、狐毛、獭毛、猩猩毛、鹅毛、鸭毛、鸡毛、雉毛、猪毛、胎发、人须、茅草等。从性能上分，则有硬毫、软毫、兼毫。从笔管的质地来分，又有水竹、鸡毛竹、斑竹、棕竹、紫擅木、鸡翅木、檀香木、楠木、花梨木、况香木、雕漆、绿沉漆、螺细、象牙、犀角、牛角、麟角、玳瑁、玉、水晶、琉璃、金、银、瓷等，不少属珍贵的材料。

墨

墨给人的印象似稍嫌单一，但却是古代书写中必不可缺的用品。借助于这种独创的材料，中国书画奇幻美妙的艺术意境才能得以实现。墨的世界并不乏味，而是内涵丰富。作为一种消耗品，墨能完好如初地呈现于今者，当十分珍贵。

纸

是中国古代四大发明之一，曾经为历史上的文化传播立下了卓著功勋。即使在机制纸盛行的今天，某些传统的手工纸依然体现着它不可替代的作用，焕发着独有的光彩。古纸在留传下来的古书画中尚能一窥其貌。

砚

砚，也称“砚台”，被古人誉为“文房四宝之首”。因为墨须加水发磨始能调用，而发墨之石刑则是砚。其中有陶、泥、砖瓦、金属、漆、瓷、石等，最常见的还是石砚。

笔、墨、纸、砚，各有各的用途，各有各的讲究，所谓“名砚清水，古墨新发，惯用之笔，陈旧之纸”，合起来是整个一套，再写出我们的文字，综合成为我们独特的传统书法艺术。它不但为我们自我欣赏，而是越来越得到了世界各国人们的瞩目、珍爱。

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