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研究NOTE | Mark Rothko:人类最本质情绪下的色彩悲剧

Curator to go 藝術外食研究所
2024-09-07


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策展人研究笔记

44

Mark Rothko

马克·罗斯科


01

艺术家 | About the Artist


马克·罗斯科(Mark Rothko, 1903—1970),来自俄国移民美国的犹太家庭。在1921年时,罗斯科曾获得耶鲁大学的全额奖学金,但求学时期的罗斯科关注的是激进政治与劳工议题,对正规课程没有太多兴趣。当到大二奖学金没有持续发放时,他便辍学启程去纽约。


到了纽约,罗斯科开始在艺术学生联盟上课,同时做些表演工作维生。在美国立体主义画家马克斯·韦伯 (Max Weber) 的引导下,罗斯科学习了立体主义、塞尚、马蒂斯的和谐色系及德国表现主义中的原始主义。往后,罗斯科创作风格历经了多个时期的转变。早期 (1924-1939)的创作受到印象主义的影响,大多描绘纽约的城市场景。到了40年代起,便逐渐发展出象征性意涵浓厚的抽象绘画,后来被称作“复合形式”或“多重形体”(Multiforms)。罗斯科开始在作品中寻求表现恒久不变的主题,从古典神话和圣经故事中寻找具象征性的题材 。


Mark Rothko, No. 14, 1951, c. 1949-1951, oil on canvas, 143.5 x 165.1 cm © 2019 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York


1940年代后期,对罗斯科来说是一个充满突破性的时期,他的作品出现了重大的转变:那些形象主义的形状逐渐消失在色彩中,只留下巨大色块,配以朦胧柔和的边缘,简洁纯粹地悬浮在画布上。罗斯科最终在1949年间,形成了他往后自成一格的标志性画风。比起具象的题材,罗斯科致力于抽炼出一般形象及物体的内在本质,精简至抽象色块的形态,取代容易辨识的形体,藉由色彩单纯直接的表达心理语言,与观者之间建立情绪层面上的共感意识。

罗斯科曾对作家与批评家塞尔登·罗德曼(Selden Rodman)在一次对谈中说道,他拒绝抽象表现主义的标签,并表示:“我只对表达人类的基本情感感兴趣——悲剧、狂喜、绝望等等——事实上,很多人在我的画作前都会无法遏止的痛哭,这表示我传达了人类共通的情感……在我的画前哭泣的人,也代表他们感受到了和我在作画时相同的宗教体验。”而直到1970年罗斯科自杀离世之前,他始终专注于大型色块的绘画创作方式。秉承最基础的视觉语言,罗斯科力图用最大程度的刺激来唤出人类原始情感,用他自己的话来说就是:“在我能够体验到的范围内,去体现人类情感、刻画人间故事”。


Rendering of the interior of the new Pod 1 Tower Gallery in the National Gallery of Art East Building, featuring works by Mark Rothko from the permanent collection of modern and contemporary art.


艺术家简历 | CV

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马克·罗斯科 | Mark Rothko


b. 1903, Dvinsk, Russiad
d. 1970, New York

Education1924, Art Students League, New York, New York
1921–1923, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Selected Solo Exhibition
2019
Rothko & Me, Stedelijk Museum, Schiedam, Netherlands, March 16, 2019–January 5, 2020.
Mark Rothko, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, March 12–June 30, 2019.
2017
Mark Rothko: Reflection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, September 24, 2017–July 1, 2018.
2016
Rothko: Dark Palette, Pace Gallery, 510 West 25th Street, New York, November 4, 2016–January 7, 2017. (Catalogue)
2015
Mark Rothko: A Retrospective, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, September 29, 2015–January 24, 2016. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko Exhibition, Seoul Arts Center, Hangaram Art Museum, March 19–June 28, 2015.
2014
Mark Rothko’s Harvard Murals, Harvard Art Museum, Cambridge, November 16, 2014–July 26, 2015.
Mark Rothko, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Netherlands, September 20, 2014–March 1, 2015. (Catalogue)
Tragic and Timeless: The Art of Mark Rothko, Saint Louis Art Museum, May 24–September 14, 2014.
Mark Rothko: The Watercolors 1941–1947, Pace Gallery, 32 East 57th Street, New York, May 2–June 21, 2014. (Catalogue)
2012
Mark Rothko: The Decisive Decade, 1940–1950, Columbia Museum of Art, South Carolina, September 14, 2012–January 6, 1913. Travels to: Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio, February 1–May 26, 2013; as Figure to Field: Mark Rothko in the 1940s, Denver Art Museum, June 23–September 29, 2013; as Mark Rothko in the 1940s: The Decisive Decade, Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, October 25, 2012–February 9, 2014. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko, Portland Art Museum, Oregon, February 18–May 27, 2012.
Mark Rothko: Selections from the National Gallery of Art, Academy Art Museum, Easton Maryland, February 4–April 22, 2012.
2011
Mark Rothko: Seagram Murals, The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., December 6, 2011–August 15, 2012.
Mark Rothko: Perceptions of Being, Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia, September 28, 2011–January 15, 2012.
Rothko in Britain, Whitechapel Gallery, London, September 9, 2011–February 26, 2012.
2010
Mark Rothko, Into an Unknown World: 1949–1969, Garage Centre for Contemporary Culture, Moscow, April 23–August 14, 2010. (Catalogue; texts by Andrei Tolstoy and Irving Sandler)
In the Tower: Mark Rothko, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., February 21, 2010–January 2, 2011. (Brochure; text by Harry Cooper)
2008
Rothko: The Late Series, Tate Modern, London, September 26, 2008–February 1, 2009. Traveled to: Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, Sakura, Japan, February 21–June 14, 2009. (Catalogues)
2007
Mark Rothko, Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome, October 6, 2007–January 6, 2008. Traveled to: Kunsthalle der Hypo Kulturstiftung, Munich, February 8–April 27, 2008; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Galerie der Gegenwart, May 16–September 13, 2008. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko, Tel Aviv Museum, Israel, March 29–June 30, 2007. (Catalogue)
2006
Museum of Contemporary Art’s Mark Rothkos, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, November 5, 2006–January 21, 2007.
The Art of Mark Rothko: Selections from the National Gallery of Art, Washington, Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea, June 22–September 10, 2006. (Catalogue)
2005
El Arte de Mark Rothko: Selección de la Galeria Nacional de Arte de Washington, Museo de Arte Moderno de Mexico, Sal Jose Juan Tablada, October 20, 2005–January 8, 2006. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: Works on Paper 1930–1969. Galerie Beyeler, Basel, June 7–August 20, 2005. (Catalogue)
2004
Mark Rothko: Parades de Luz / Walls of Light, Guggenheim Bilbao, June 8–October 24, 2004. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: A Painter’s Progress, The Year 1949, PaceWildenstein, New York, January 23–February 23, 2004. (Catalogue)
2003
Mark Rothko: 100th Anniversary Since His Birth; Paintings and Works on Paper, The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, December 16, 2003–March 8, 2004. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: The Mural Projects, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., October 12, 2003, installed indefinitely.
Mark Rothko: A Centennial Celebration, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, September 25, 2003–April 12, 2004. (Catalogue)
2002
Mark Rothko: A Wall of Light, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, September 16, 2002–September 2003.
2001
Mark Rothko Rooms, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, November 24, 2001–September 15, 2002.
Mark Rothko: The Realist Years: Selected Works, PaceWildenstein, New York, October 31, 2001–January 5, 2002. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: The Edith Sachar Collection: Paintings and Works on Paper, Joan T. Washburn Gallery, New York, October 25–December 1, 2001. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: A Consummated Experience between Picture and Onlooker, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, February 18–April 29, 2001. (Catalogue)
2000
Mark Rothko and the Lure of the Figure: Paintings 1933–1946, University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, December 16, 2000–February 25, 2001. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko, Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, November 25, 2000–January 28, 2001. (Catalogue)
1998
Mark Rothko, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., May 3–August 16, 1998. Traveled to: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, September 17–November 29, 1998; Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, January 8–April 18, 1999. (Catalogue)
1996
Mark Rothko: The Chapel Commission, The Menil Collection, Houston, December 13, 1996–March 29, 1997. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko in Cornwall, Tate Gallery, St. Ives, England, May 4–November 3, 1996. (Catalogue)
1995
Mark Rothko Retrospective, Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, Sakura, Japan, September 23–November 5, 1995, Marugame Genichiro–Inokuma Museum of Art, Marugame, November 11–December 24, 1995. Traveled to: Nagoya City Art Museum of Contemporary Art, Nagoya, January 4–February 12, 1996; New Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, Tokyo, February 17–March 24, 1996. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko, Galeria Elvira González, Madrid, January 31–March 11, 1995. (Catalogue)
1994
Paintings by Mark Rothko 1945–1969, University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, March 5–May 8, 1994.
Mark Rothko: The Last Paintings, The Pace Gallery, 32 East 57th Street, New York, February 18–March 19, 1994. (Catalogue)
Rothko’s Early Works, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery, Columbia University, New York, February 2–March 19, 1993.
1993
Mark Rothko: 'Multiforms,' Bilder von 1947–1949, Galerie Daniel Blau, Munich, November 17–25, 1993. (Catalogue)
1989
Paintings by Mark Rothko, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, December 2–31, 1989. (Brochure)
Mark Rothko: Kaaba in New York, Kunsthalle Basel, February 19–May 7, 1989. (Catalogue)
1988
Mark Rothko: The Seagram Mural Project, Tate Gallery, Liverpool, May 28, 1988–February 12, 1989. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko 1903–1970: Retrospective der Gemälde, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, January 3–March 27, 1988. (Catalogue)
1987
Mark Rothko 1903–1970, Tate Gallery, London, June 17–September 1, 1987. Traveled to: Fundación Juan March, Madrid, September 23, 1987–January 3, 1988; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, January 30–March 27, 1988. (Catalogue)
1985
Mark Rothko: The Dark Paintings, 1969–70, The Pace Gallery, New York, March 29–April 27, 1985. (Catalogue)
1984
Mark Rothko: Works on Paper 1925–1970, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., May 6–August 5, 1984. Traveling exhibition organized by the American Federation of Arts and the Mark Rothko Foundation, May 1984–September 1986. (Catalogue)
1983
Mark Rothko: Subjects, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, October 15, 1983–February 26, 1984. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: Paintings 1948–1969, The Pace Gallery, 32 East 57th Street, New York, April 1–30, 1983. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko 1949, A Year In Transition/ Selections from the Mark Rothko Foundation, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, March 18, 1983–September 16, 1984. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: Seven Paintings from the 1960s, Walker Art Center Minneapolis, February 6–March27 1983. (Catalogue)
1981
Mark Rothko, The Surrealist Years, The Pace Gallery, 32 East 57th Street, New York, April 24–May 30, 1981. (Catalogue)
1978
Mark Rothko: The 1958–1959 Murals, The Pace Gallery, New York, October 28–November 25, 1978. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko 1903–1970: A Retrospective, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, October 27, 1978–January 14, 1979. Traveled to: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, February 2–April 1, 1979; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, April 21–June 10, 1979; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, July 3–September 26, 1979. (Catalogue)
1977
A New Acquisition by Mark Rothko, The David and Alfred Smart Gallery, University of Chicago, 1977. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko: Monstra Didattica, Galleria Civica d’Arte Moderna, Palazzo Te, Mantua, December 1977. (Catalogue)
1975
An Artist Collects: Ulfert Wilke, Selections from Five Continents, University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City. (Catalogue)
1974
10 Major Works: Mark Rothko, Newport Harbor Art Museum, California, January 30–March 10, 1974. (Catalogue)
1971
Salute to Mark Rothko, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, May 6–June 20, 1971. (Brochure)
Mark Rothko, Kunsthaus Zürich, March 21–May 9, 1971. Traveled to: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Neuw Nationalgalerie, Berlin, May 26–July 19, 1971: Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, August 24–October 3, 1971; Museums Boymans van Beuningen, Rotterdam, November 20, 1971–January 2, 1972. Traveled in part to: Hayward Gallery, London, February 2–March 12, 1972; Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris, March 23–May 8, 1972. (Catalogues)
Mark Rothko, Galleria Martano, Turin, March 17–April 20, 1971.
Mark Rothko, Galleria Lorenzelli, Bergamo, Italy, March 1971. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko, Marlborough Galleria d’Arte, Rome, February 1971. (Catalogue)
1970
Mark Rothko, Galleria Internazionale d’Arte Moderna di Ca'Pesaro, Venice, June 21–October 15, 1970. Traveled to: Marlborough Gallery, New York as Mark Rothko Paintings 1947–1970, November 13–December 5, 1970. (Catalogue)
Mark Rothko 1903–1970, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, March 26–May 31, 1970.
1965
Mark Rothko, Winter 1965–66, Marlborough New London Gallery, London.
Mark Rothko, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna, Rome, 1965.
1964
Mark Rothko, Marlborough New London Gallery, London, February–March 1964. (Catalogue)
1963
Five Mural Panels Executed for Harvard, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, April 9–June 2, 1963.
1961
Mark Rothko: A Retrospective Exhibition, Paintings 1945–1960, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, January 18–March 12, 1961. Traveled to: Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, October10–November 12, 1961; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, November 24–December 27, 1961; Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, January 6–29, 1962; Kunsthalle Basel, March 3–April 8, 1962, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna, Rome, April 27–May 20, 1962, Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, December 5, 1962–January 13, 1963. (Catalogue)
1960
Paintings by Mark Rothko, The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C., May 4–31, 1960.
1958
New Paintings by Rothko, Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, January 27–February 22, 1958.
1957
Mark Rothko, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, September 5–October 6, 1957. (Catalogue)
1955
Mark Rothko, Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, April 11–May 14, 1955.
1954
Recent Paintings by Mark Rothko, The Art Institute of Chicago, October 18–December 31, 1954. Traveled to: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence as Paintings by Mark Rothko, January 19–February 13, 1955.
1951
Mark Rothko, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, April 2–21, 1951.
1950
Mark Rothko, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, January 3–21, 1950.
1949
Mark Rothko: Recent Paintings, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, March 28–April 16, 1949.
1948
Mark Rothko: Recent Paintings, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, March 8–27, 1948.
1947
Mark Rothko: Recent Paintings, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, March 3–22, 1947.
1946
Oils and Watercolors by Mark Rothko, San Francisco Museum of Art, San Francisco, August 16–September 8, 1946. Traveled in part to: The Santa Barbara Museum of Art, September 1946.
Mark Rothko: Watercolors, Mortimer Brandt Gallery, New York, April 22–May 4, 1946.
1945
Mark Rothko Paintings, Art of This Century, New York, January 9–February 4, 1945. (Catalogue)
1942
Valentin-Dudensing Gallery, New York.
1933
An Exhibition of Oils, Water-Colors, Drawings by Marcus Rothkowitz, Contemporary Arts Gallery, New York, November 20–December 9, 1933. (Catalogue)
Museum of Art, Portland, Oregon, Summer, 1933.



02

作品 | About Artworks

“现实”早期 

Early Years 


罗斯科的早期绘画是围绕着探索光线和建筑而展开的,他创造了一种可以从画面进入场所,或者潜入空间的精神观赏旅程。一种解释认为,在罗斯科的绘画中,人类的起源和命运是被看作精神(但不是宗教)戏剧,这种戏剧的结局既不是确凿的,也不是乐观的。虽然并非所有艺术评论家都赞同这种悲观的解读;对一些人来说,罗斯科的油画中放射出的光芒就是超乎寻常的,得以进入到精神层面。


Portrait of Mary, 1936 by Mark Rothko,Courtesy of www.Mark-Rothko.org


罗斯科早期的绘画暗示了他对于观察这一行为的关注 — 无论是关注于画中的主题还是在观看它的人。关注这一行为在罗斯科的画面中似乎是一种不舒服的体验,充满了焦虑和不适。这些画中的人物盯着具有威胁性的东西,但置身于画面外的人却无法捕捉。画中的人被这种具有聚焦性的视觉所困,似乎这样无形的视觉可以在画中被具象化。
Untitled (subway), c. 1937, oil on canvas, Gift of The Mark Rothko Foundation, Inc., 1986.43.113
在同一时期,罗斯科还创作了一系列令人难忘的纽约地铁景象。在这些画面中,窗户、门廊和墙壁充当了表达禁闭的结构装置。罗斯科展示了地铁是一个有秩序但却又古怪的地方,注入了戏剧化的透视效果:墙壁和栏杆被描绘成平面的结构,而地铁轨道急剧后退延伸。画面中的人物数字可以通过他们的服装细节来识别,如通勤者、购物者或学童,但在很大程度上,人物细节是弱化的,是一个又一个无脸且又扁平的形象。


Entrance to Subway, 1938
其实,罗斯科的这些人物角色是帮助建立画面比例工具,因此,他们的存在暗含了一种闹鬼的感觉,仿佛是存在于分隔真实空间图像空间的边界。罗斯科在20世纪30年代创作的街道场景和地铁照片被拿来与阿什坎学校(Ashcan school)和大萧条时期的现实主义绘画进行比较,但这种相似之处大都是基于对于城市主题的感知和共鸣。对于罗斯科;来说,他似乎更感兴趣的是表达和传递建筑空间的感性体验,而不是提供对于城市生活的“现实”描绘,他使用抽象的构图来探索绘画与其观众之间的关系,这一调性在他后期作品中发挥了关键作用


Mark Rothko, Street Scene, c. 1937, oil on canvas, Gift of The Mark Rothko Foundation, Inc., 1986.43.21


超现实象征 

Surreal Symbol 


在20世纪40年代,罗斯科画面中的形象越来越具有象征意义。在20世纪30年代末和第二次世界大战期间的社会焦虑气氛中,日常生活中的图像—无论多么不自然—开始显得有些过时。罗斯科认为,如果艺术要反应人类的悲剧,就必须寻求新的主题和新的习语。他说:“我极不情愿地发现人物刻画不能达到我的目的,但我们谁也无法在不破坏人物形象的情况下使用他们。” 罗斯科在1943写给《纽约时报》的一封信中说:“画家们普遍接受的观念是,一个人画什么并不重要,只要画得好。这就是学术主义的本质。没有什么是好画的。我们断言主题是至关重要的,只有悲剧的永恒的主题才是有效的。这就是为什么我们自称与原始和古老的艺术有精神上的精神联系。”


Left: Room in Karnak, 1946. Oil on canvas, 94.9 × 69.9 cmRight: No. 2, 1947. Oil on canvas, 145.4 × 122.4 cm.


《旧约》和《新约》成为罗斯科的一个丰富的灵感来源。这时期的有些绘画作品是由水平条带组成的,据说这些条带代表了地质层,被看作是对无意识的隐喻。罗斯科在这个时期致力于钻研和刻画话、预言、古老的仪式和潜意识相关的主题。他在20世纪40年代中期的绘画以生物形态风格为主,同时,这一风格受到超现实主义艺术家的启发,其中一些人从饱受战争蹂躏的欧洲移民到纽约,基于这样坎坷的背景而创作。


 Untitled, 1944/1945, ink on paper hinged to cardboard, Gift of The Mark Rothko Foundation, Inc., 1986.43.181


罗斯科在受到超现实主义的绘画技巧的启发后,他的笔触被注入了更多的自由度,从而得到一种更抽象的图像。在这个时期的绘画中,他的很多水彩画创作与超现实主义艺术家胡安·米罗(Joan Miró)、安德烈·马森(André Masson)以及阿尔希勒·高尔基(Arshile Gorky)的艺术有高度重合的艺术元素,罗斯科探索了媒介的流动性,以及唤起观者对于原始生活的想象。在一些画面中,生物形态在类似海底宇宙层的水平带背景前舞动着。罗斯科这一时期的水彩画呈现出明亮透明的效果,这一风格标志着他职业生涯的一个重要转折点。


色块绘画 

Color Blocks 


No. 9, 1948, oil and mixed media on canvas, Gift of The Mark Rothko Foundation


罗斯科在20世纪40年代后期的绘画中,对自然世界的具象联想和刻画逐渐消失了,取而代之的是不对称排列的色块,早些画面中的线性元素也慢慢被淘汰。罗斯科的风格演变,从具象的视觉到抽象的风格,旨在于观察者与绘画之间积极的互动关系,体现了激进的复兴绘画的愿景。罗斯科将这种关系描述为“画面与观者之间的完美体验”:我的画和观众之间不应该有任何的障碍。罗斯科的色彩构成将观察者吸引到一个内在充满光的空间,与此同时,他总是拒绝解释他的画。他认为艺术主要关注的是观众的体验,作品和接收者之间的融合,这种融合超越了语言所能表达的。他曾经说过:“所谓的解释必须来自于绘画和旁观者之间的完美体验。艺术欣赏是心灵之间的结合。艺术就好比婚姻,缺乏圆满是验证其无效的根据。”


from the ground up, 1948, oil on canvas, Gift of The Mark Rothko Foundation


在这些多样的形式中,液体颜料浸透到画布里,留下柔软、模糊的边缘,白色的轮廓围绕着一些像光晕一样的形状。罗斯科依靠这些形状来传达情感状态,这些形状同时也取代了早期的生物形态图案。在这个晚期成熟的系列中,罗斯科的作品展示了更多的构图比例的可能性,以及对于颜色的高度关注。在这一点上,罗斯科的画伸展到了画布的边缘,展示了没有限制的框架。


Yellow and Blue Painting, 1954, Color Field Painting, 242 cm x 186 cm


罗斯科解释了从人物和生物形态图形到平面颜色的过渡,他觉得熟悉的身份必须被粉碎,他还将自己的艺术形式描述为“具有意志和自我主张热情的有机体”。在他的画中,这种对形式的描述是有生命力和存在感的,这与他对艺术作品的描述是一致的,即艺术作品有自己的生命。在20世纪40年代末,罗斯科对于一幅画的概念是,在这幅画中,“形状”,或“表演者”,将首先作为“未知空间中的未知冒险”出现。


Black on Maroon, 1958, Oil paint, acrylic paint, glue tempera and pigment on canvas, Presented by the artist through the American Federation of Arts 1968


在《可能性》(Possibilities)杂志上,他解释说,这些“形状与任何特定的可见体验没有直接联系,但在它们身上,人们认识到了有机体的原理和激情。”他后来写道,“对我来说,艺术是精神的一件逸事,也是使人类精神加速和静止这一系列运动具体化的唯一手段。” 


Green Divided by Blue , oil on canvas, 1968, 99.06 cm x 73.66 cm


“我不是抽象主义者...我对颜色与形式的关系或其他任何东西都不感兴趣...我只对表达基本的人类情感感兴趣——悲剧、狂喜等等。事实上,当面对我的画面时,许多人会崩溃并哭泣,这表明我可以传达这些基本的人类情感...在我的画前哭泣的人有着和我作画时一样的精神体验。而如果你只是被我的色彩所打动,那么你就错过了重点。”


COMPOSITION, 1959,Leopold Museum



03

展览 | Exhibitions Review

Mark Rothko

1961.1.18 - 3.12

Museum of Modern Art, New York


Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART
1961年,纽约的现代艺术馆(MoMA)为罗斯科举办了首次,也是艺术家生前唯一一次的大型回顾展。当时正在事业巅峰罗斯科,这场大型展览也吸引了业内众多收藏家、评论家、政商名流纷纷而至,甚至连肯尼迪总统也前来捧场。


Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART


展览完整回顾了罗斯科的整个创作生涯,从初期的现实主义水彩画到逐渐尝试表现主义、超现实主义,也同时在MoMa首次亮相了一组大型壁画。先前也未曾有过如此大量的罗斯科重要作品能同时间集合并展出,当时评论家们对此反应热烈。罗斯科也积极全程参与布展,将现场灯光布置得昏暗,这样一来,画作仿佛悬浮在空间中,大面积的色块在视觉上呼之欲出,使观者为之震撼。


Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART


当时的《艺术评论Art Review》评论也给与这场回顾展极为正面的评价,认为:“马克·罗斯科的回顾展是MoMA有史以来最美丽的展览之一。从某种意义上说,这次展览本身也可视为一件艺术品:罗斯科在挑选作品和布展上很坚持自己的想法,运用了自己过去15年的画作集结成了一幅极为超然的自画像。我们认为这是一场很理想的回顾展。对于艺术家既没有纪念性,也没有刻意打造历史地位,但我们却能从展览中看出,他是一个非常有个性的人,而且非常投入创作。”


Rothko exhibition at the Whitechapel gallery in 1961. Photograph: Sandra Lousada


这场回顾展在同一年接着跨越了大西洋,来到位于伦敦的白教堂美術館(Whitechapel Gallery)展出。罗斯科也同样的参与布展,如同在漂浮一般的巨大色块,激发了观众的一种超验境界,也同样震撼了当时的英国艺术界,佳评如潮。展览期间还有一名回教徒从街上走进美术馆,摊开地毯,跪在画作中祈祷,让罗斯科特别高兴:这与他一直致力追求的宗教体验艺术境界不谋而合。




“Rothko Room”

Museum Collection

National Gallery of Art, DC 



Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART


马克·罗斯科的作品数量和种类可以说是异常丰富。 华盛顿国家美术馆的菲利普斯收藏馆创始人邓肯·菲利普斯(Duncan Phillips)收集了他的画作,并于1960年在西北21街创建了第一个公共“罗斯科房间”,此时距休斯敦著名的罗斯科教堂(Rothko Chapel)敞开大门已经过去了十多年。1986年,罗斯科基金会(Rothko Foundation)向博物馆捐赠了艺术家剩余财产的大部分时,国家美术馆也获得了约1,000件罗斯科的作品。这使华盛顿成为了Rothko研究的中心,并是将他的作品借展给世界各地其他美术馆机构的中心。

Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART


2017年9月重新开放的国家美术馆东楼翻新,使这座城市现在有了第二个“罗斯科房间”,这是宾夕法尼亚州大道沿线的一栋新塔式画廊中的一个大型的五面空间。Rothko的两个房间也有着形成鲜明对比——菲利普斯收藏空间只有一个入口和一个狭窄的窗户,仅包含四幅画,感觉完全封闭而亲密;而国家美术馆的房间有3个入口,室内充满了阳光且拥有10幅画,感觉更加开放且具有纪念意义。


Installation view of “Mark Rothko,” 1961, at Museum of Modern Art, New York. COURTESY MUSEUM OF MODERN ART


国家美术馆“罗斯科房间”并不是永久性的(美术馆将换掉画作,以扩大对艺术家作品的大量收藏)。 画作之间也没有彼此对话。更确切地引用华盛顿日报记者Philip Kennicott的话说,“它们是沿着墙壁排列的,就像时尚杂志有时会为一个重要故事拍摄一群重要人物:‘美国十大最有影响力的作家’或‘二十位年轻艺术家明星秀’。 ”

因此画作只是聚集在一起,没有交织或相互参与。当观众得知它们的“住所”是暂时的,画作瞬间充满了一种特殊的孤立感。淡淡的橙色与黑色色块拼接,顶部带有紫色,这使一块画布看起来不守规矩、异常,甚至易怒。 再看另一幅画作则是经过精心设计的抛光剂粉饰,极力想成为“罗斯科”的罗斯科,事实上遵守所有规则,亦没有任何实质性的偏离。



较小的罗斯科房间有时会带给观众短暂的幻想,即“这些画是我的”。国家美术馆更大的空间则会暗示:这些是我们的,是公共空间和资源。这两个空间都有一种等待展开的感觉,等待自己不断发展的反应以产生某种不明确的意义。



04

频道 | Virtual Channel

艺术家的60秒 | Mark Rothko in 60 seconds 

A quick introduction to the work of Mark Rothko, presented by the RA's Artistic Director Tim Marlow


灵魂之镜 | Mirrors of the Soul

“Seen close up and in a penumbra, as these paintings are meant to be seen, they absorb, they envelop the viewer,” wrote Peter Selz, credit to Sotheby's


✎✎✎

撰文 / Athena, Shuni

校对 / CTG team




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