对「女性性功能障碍」的严肃讨论
与「男性性功能障碍」相比,女性在这方面的问题更难获得重视。
可见,FSD 并不少见,有问题不必过度紧张。
2. 心理治疗
心理治疗包括性心理治疗、认知行为治疗、正念干预、夫妻共同治疗等[9]。可以帮助女性克服心理障碍,增进对自己性需求的认知,提高性技能,增强自信,从而改善 FSD[10-13]。在一项随机对照研究中发现,自我疏导和心理治疗相结合可以提高女性的性功能[13]。
3. 物理治疗
性器官对性刺激的反应与对性活动很重要,例如盆底肌肉的锻炼对改善 FSD 就很有帮助。
物理治疗方法一般有:电刺激治疗、生物反馈治疗、行为疗法等。
行为疗法中,常见的有放松训练、Kegel 锻炼、性高潮肌肉感觉训练[14]。可以配合一些治疗设备来完成,如阴蒂负压装置[15]、振荡器、扩张器[16, 17]之类的。
上面的一些锻炼和设备,可以在掌握使用方法和注意事项后,进行居家练习。
4. 药物治疗
FSD 的治疗药物主要有性激素类、非性激素类药物,还有一些润滑剂。
性激素类药物主要有:雌激素、雄激素、雌激素受体调节剂(如替勃龙、奥培米芬)等。有研究发现,在无症状或早期绝经后妇女中使用雌激素联合促性腺激素治疗,治疗组的性功能有小到中等程度的改善[18]。在一项随机对照临床试验[19]中,发现每天服用奥培米芬 60mg 可显著改善女性的性功能,包括性疼痛、性欲和性唤起等方面。
非性激素类药物主要有:氟班色林、西地那非(没错,还是「蓝色小药丸」)、安非他酮等。每天睡前服用 100mg 氟班色林,可显著改善女性性功能指数,并减少相关的性苦恼[20]。西地那非可以直接改善女性性唤起障碍的一些症状[21]。安非他酮在研究中对提高性兴奋、性高潮的完成度和性满足度有显著效果[22]。
润滑剂虽然并不能解决 FSD 的根本原因,但可以缓解因为阴道润滑度不足引起的部分 FSD[23]。
5. 手术治疗
女性生殖器整形手术近年来也有参与 FSD 的治疗,但是疗效和安全性还有待更多的循证依据[24]。选择手术,还需谨慎。
6. 其他治疗
此外,还有一些在尝试的方法,如神经调节、基因疗法、激光治疗等。
性活动:包括亲吻、性爱抚、性自慰和经阴道性生活等。性生活:指性伴侣之间有生殖器直接接触的一种性活动,通常指经阴道性生活。性刺激:性前戏或各种活动,自我性刺激(自慰)或性幻想。性欲望或性兴趣:指渴望或幻想做爱,是一种想要进行性活动的感受,愿意接受性伴侣发起的性活动。性唤起:生理和精神两方面的性兴奋,包括生殖器兴奋或有发热的感觉,阴道分泌物增多(润滑)或肌肉收缩等。 译自《女性性功能指数量表》
健康自测,性福自知
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题图:Trina Dalziel, 高品图像