中国园林·刊首语 | 2021-06
本期主题：风景园林与固废处理
“风景园林与固废处理” 将2个完全不搭界的专业领域并列在一起，这是哪个榆木脑袋强扭出来的主题？但是它又串联了园林与固废这2个特殊的市政设施，这是何等才华横溢的创意构想！一个是优雅的艺术名词，一个是机械的技术动词，这让哲学和科学、艺术和技术、名词和动词等不直接相关的内容，都必须重新统筹思考！
风景园林属于传统的园林行业，固废处理属于典型的环卫行业。风景园林就是由人类创作而成的优雅的宜居环境；固废垃圾就是人类无用、废弃、不要的东西。一个是追求艺术品质高大上的行业，一个是尽量处理脏乱差的行业。二者听上去、看上去、闻上去，都完全不是同类！
作为园林人，我接触到环卫人是在20世纪90年代，中国城市建设研究院(以下简称“我院”)对应建设部城市建设司的园林处和环卫处，设有园林所和环卫所2个专业机构。我在院里评比先进工作者时，叙述园林人是如何在公园绿地中，不辞辛苦地考察、漫步、沉浸思考美学问题的，而同场的环卫人在汇报他是如何被填埋场散发的恶臭熏得晕倒在垃圾山上！
我第一次把2个专业并列关注是在1995年编制《全国市政公用事业“九五计划”及2010年规划预测研究》的时候。在当时建设部的《城市建设统计年报》中，“八五计划”以前的城市市政公用事业固定资产投资统计顺序是：供水、排水、防洪、公共交通、道路桥梁、燃气、供热、园林、环卫和其他。在当时城市基础设施严重欠账的年代，园林与环卫也仅排在倒数第二和第一的位置。从1985年我院刚成立时，园林与环卫这2个特殊、特色的小专业，就站在了服务国家管理的层面，形成了小而特色、小而高端的局面，但是并没有什么交叉发展。
北宋秦少游在《鹊桥仙》中描述两情相会时说：“金风玉露一相逢，便胜却人间无数。”我们不妨设想，跨行业的 “园林环卫一融合，必超越专业维度”。风景园林是全人类的追求和向往，尽管自身也会产生一定量的残枝落叶、修剪下的枝条等；而固体废物是城市居民避之不及的垃圾异物。中国现在每年产生固体废物规模巨大，总量约为100多亿吨，其中畜禽粪便和建筑垃圾约占70亿吨，其余为工业废弃物，如尾矿、危险废弃物和生活垃圾等。垃圾堆放占用大量城市土地，导致许多地方垃圾围城。
改革开放40余年来，我国经济社会发展历经了沧桑巨变，尤其是步入小康社会后，许多家庭拥有了第二住宅和不止一辆轿车，基本的“衣、食、住、行”已经不再是居民生活的最迫切需求。从市政服务设施意义上，人民群众对更加美好生活的向往可以简单概括为：风景园林越多越好，固废垃圾越少越好！
如果我们能把废物进行再利用，它就不再是垃圾。除了有些废弃物经过处理后，可以直接为园林所用之外，如餐厨垃圾的有机堆肥，园林与环卫还能建立怎么样的和谐发展关系呢？固废垃圾处理一般包括分类、焚烧和填埋等方法，对已经完成的垃圾填埋场，通常包括异位修复和原位修复的方法，我们都可以利用园林绿地与市政设施用地等具有很好的空间兼容性，做到尽量地融合发展。
垃圾填埋场封场改造后建设城市公园绿地，就是备受青睐的固废再生方式之一，风景园林学与环境工程学是决定其再利用形式的主要交叉学科。人类对最不生态的垃圾进行生态修复和重建，乃至优美地景观化，甚至最终达到风景园林化，实现城市棕地的生态修复和利用。
从古至今，都有许多园林与垃圾兼容利用的尝试。如清代恭王府花园的土山成分中，就可以看到当年混合的建筑垃圾；德国慕尼黑奥林匹克公园中的奥林匹斯山就改造利用了垃圾填埋场；北京和武汉园博会等国际园林展会也是在原来的城市垃圾填埋场址上进行的展园建设；北京奥林匹克森林公园尝试消纳自身的园林废弃物；辽宁省阜新露天煤矿曾设想将开采百年后产生的10余平方千米的煤矸石裸露区域覆土，进行生态修复和绿化美化。
从本质上看，风景园林与固废处理的关系可以视之为生态与文明的关系。园林是生态环境和人类文明建设最深度的融合，是生态文明的最高端产品；而固废是城市文明中最难以消化的“异类”，是城市有机体必须“排除体外”的废物。如果对园林与环卫这对“高山流水”与“下里巴人”进行深入探索实践，能够从哲学角度化无用为有用、从科学角度化垃圾为资源、从技术角度化固废为绿地、从艺术角度化腐朽为神奇，使得“垃圾围城” 变成“园林环城”， 仅此一项业绩，对中国的“生态文明，美丽中国”建设，必将大有裨益。
"Landscape Architecture and Solid Waste Treatment" juxtaposes two fields of expertise that are an unlikely pair. Which dumb head does this theme come out of? But it also connects two special municipal facilities, garden and solid waste, what a brilliant creative idea! One is an elegant artistic term, and the other is a mechanical technical verb. This makes philosophy and science, art and technology, nouns and verbs, which are not directly related, to be reconsidered as a whole.
Landscape architecture belongs to the traditional garden industry, and solid waste treatment belongs to the typical sanitation industry. Landscape architecture is an elegant and livable environment created by humans, while solid waste is something that is useless, discarded, and unnecessary for humans. One is an industry that pursues high artistic quality, and the other is the one to deal with dirty, messy and poor things as much as possible. The two sound, look and smell completely different from the same kind.
As a landscape professional, I encountered environmental sanitation professionals in the 1990s. China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute (CUCD) had two professional branches: the Landscaping Institute and the Environmental Sanitation Institute, to work with the Landscaping Office and Environmental Sanitation Office of the Urban Construction Department of the Ministry of Construction respectively. When I evaluated the outstanding workers in the institute, I described how the landscape professionals investigated, strolled, and immersed in aesthetic issues, while my sanitation colleague on the same site reported how he was knocked over by the stench from the landfill and fainted on the trash mountain.
The first time I put the two majors together was when I compiled the "National Municipal Public Utilities 'Ninth Five-Year Plan' and 2010 Planning Forecast Research" in 1995. In the "Annual Report of Urban Construction Statistics" issued by the Ministry of Construction at that time, the statistical order of fixed asset investment in urban municipal public utilities before the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" was: water supply, drainage, flood control, public transportation, roads and bridges, gas, heating, gardens, sanitation and others. In the era when urban infrastructure was in serious shortage, gardens and sanitation were only ranked second and first from the bottom. Since the establishment of CUCD in 1985, the two special and characteristic small majors of gardening and environmental sanitation have stood at the level of serving national management, forming a small but distinctive, small but high-end situation, but there is no cross-development.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Qin Shaoyou described the meeting of lovers in "The Magpie Bridge Fairy" and said:" Coming across in the beautiful scene of a good day, for the lovers, means much more than everything." When the golden wind and the jade dew meet, they will win but there are countless people." Let us imagine that the cross-industry "garden and sanitation integration" will certainly exceed their professional dimensions. Landscape architecture is the pursuit and yearning of all mankind, although it also produces a certain amount of residual branches and leaves, pruned branches, etc.; while solid waste is the garbage and foreign matter that urban residents cannot avoid. China now produces a huge amount of solid waste every year, with a total amount of more than 10 billion tons, of which livestock manure and construction waste account for about 7 billion tons, and the rest are industrial wastes, such as tailings, hazardous waste, and household waste. The dumping of garbage occupies a large amount of urban land, leading to garbage siege in many places.
Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, China's economic and social developments have undergone tremendous changes, especially after entering a well-off society, many families have second residences and more than one car, and the basic "clothing, food, housing and transportation" are no longer the most urgent needs of residents' lives. From the perspective of municipal service facilities, the people's yearning for a better life can be simply summarized as: the more landscape gardens, the better, and the less solid waste, the better!
If we can reuse waste, it will no longer be rubbish. Except for some wastes that can be directly used in the garden after being processed, such as organic composting of kitchen waste, what kind of harmonious development relationship can be established between gardens and sanitation? Solid waste treatment generally includes methods such as classification, incineration, and landfill. For completed landfills, it usually includes ex-situ restoration and in-situ restoration. We can all make use of the space compatibility of garden green space and municipal facilities, to achieve integration and development as much as possible.
The construction of urban parks and green space after the closure of the landfill site is one of the most popular solid waste recycling methods. Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering are the main cross-disciplines that determine the form of reuse. Human beings carry out the ecological restoration and reconstruction of the most non-ecological garbage, even beautifully landscaped, or finally achieving landscape gardening, to realize the ecological restoration and utilization of urban brownfields.
From ancient times to the present, there have been many attempts to make gardens and garbage compatible. For example, in the soil and mountain components of the Garden of Prince Gong's Palace in the Qing Dynasty, there is the mixed construction waste; the Olympus Mountain in the Olympic Park in Munich, Germany, was transformed from a landfill; Beijing and Wuhan Garden Expo parks and other international garden expo sites was also constructed on the original urban waste landfills; the Beijing Olympic Forest Park tries to absorb its own garden waste; and the Fuxin open-pit coal mine in Liaoning Province once envisaged to cover the 10 square kilometers exposed areas with soil after the 100-year mining, for ecological restoration and greening and beautification.
In essence, the relationship between landscape architecture and solid waste treatment can be regarded as the relationship between ecology and civilization. The garden is the deepest integration of the ecological environment and the construction of human civilization, and is the highest-end product of ecological civilization; while solid waste is the most indigestible "heterogeneous" in urban civilization, and it is the waste that urban organisms must "exclude" from the body. If we conduct in-depth exploration and practice on gardens and sanitation, the pair of the elegant and the ordinary, turn the useless into the useful philosophically, turn waste into resources scientifically, turn solid waste into green space technically, turn decay into miracle artistically, and turn "city sieged by garbage" into "city surrounded by gardens", this achievement alone will be of great benefit to the construction of "ecological civilization, beautiful China".
本刊副主编：李金路 教授级高级工程师
Professorate Senior Engineer LI Jinlu
Associate Chief Editor
引文格式
李金路.刊首语[J].中国园林，2021，37(6)：2-3.
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