中国园林·刊首语(2023-01) | 王向荣：风景园林学科发展的基石

《中国园林》

Vol. 39  2023-01 | 325

本期主题：风景园林学科共同体

风景园林学科发展的基石

The Cornerstone of Landscape Architecture Discipline Development

人类生存环境的持续变化，推动着风景园林研究和实践领域的发展，风景园林的定义也在不断调整拓展，如在过去百年间，美国风景园林师协会(ASLA)对Landscape Architecture的定义就在不断变化：对实践对象的描述从土地细化为更具体的建成环境和自然环境；学科科学性的比重则在不断加强，对学科性质的认知从艺术向艺术与科学，再向科学与艺术转变。

风景园林的研究和实践与自然环境和社会文化密切相关，而自然和文化均具有地域性，由于各个国家的自然环境、文化历史和社会发展状况不同，风景园林所面对的问题和关注的领域也不同，所以不同国家对风景园林的定义亦不尽相同。

尽管从广阔的时空范围看，有关风景园林的定义繁多，但多数定义的核心内容都非常接近，那就是：风景园林研究和实践的对象是土地；范围从微观的家庭花园和小微绿地，到中观的城市自然，再到宏观的区域和国土景观，甚至到整个大地的地表；宗旨是要实现人工建造与自然之间的持续和谐与平衡；途径是通过一系列专业的手段，包括研究、评价、保护、修复、规划、设计、建设和管护等，对地表空间进行科学的管理和利用，使得未经或很少经过人类影响的自然区域能够得到有效的保护，并按自然本身的规律进行演替，在建成环境中建立起人文自然生态系统，支撑人类合理的生产生活及建造活动，创造出适合人类使用、生态平衡健康并具有美学价值的人类生活环境。

风景园林学视角下的地表空间是一个包括生态维度、文化维度、社会维度和美学维度的复杂系统，包括了天然地表区域和人工地表区域两部分。地表的天然区域通常具有区域、国家，或全球重要意义的生态系统、物种和地质多样性，其显著特征是自然力量和过程占主导地位，具有原始的、极少受到干扰的完整生态系统和生态过程。针对地表的天然区域，风景园林的目标是：保护和维护自然过程，使其按自然自身的规律持续发展；任何必不可少的人工建造都应该将对自然系统的负面影响降低到最小，不改变自然整体的演变过程。

地表空间中的人工地表区域是天然地表之外的空间，是人类为了生产、生活、精神、宗教和审美等需要不断改造地表、对自然施加影响，或者建造各种设施和构筑物后形成的地表，包括人工与自然相互依托、相互影响、相互叠加形成的农田、果园、牧场、水库、运河、林地、绿地等，也包括完全由人工建造的环境，如城市和一些基础设施等。针对地表空间的人工地表区域，风景园林的目标有：合理开发利用，降低对自然的负面影响及促使生态系统向良性方向发展；建立完整连续的自然系统，支撑起人类的建造及各种干预活动；让非自然空间具有生态价值；对受损的环境进行生态修复；使文化的演变和发展可持续；为人类提供合理、高品质生活的同时，使得环境具有美学与艺术的价值等。

2020年，国际风景园林师联合会(IFLA)对风景园林师的工作做了一个非常综合全面的阐释，涉及风景园林师的工作职责、实践途径、工作内容、热点问题、宗旨目标等方面：风景园林师规划、设计并管理自然和建成环境，运用美学和科学原理来解决生态可持续性、景观质量和健康、集体记忆、遗产和文化及地域公正性。风景园林师通过引导和协调其他学科来协调自然与文化生态系统之间的关系，比如适应和减缓气候变化与生态系统稳定性、社会经济进步、社区健康和福利，从而创造人们期待的社会和经济良好的场所。IFLA对风景园林师工作的阐释实际上也是对风景园林的一个具有普遍性和通用性的定义。

只要人类依然栖居于大地之上，人类社会的一个永恒命题就是如何持续地构建和维护人与自然之间的和谐与平衡，这也是风景园林学科不变的宗旨。所以，风景园林学科会伴随着人类社会的发展而不断发展。现代风景园林学在继承了几千年来人类为生产生活而改造自然环境所积累的艺术和经验，又在应对工业革命之后出现的一系列前所未有的城市问题和环境挑战中，结合现代科学与技术，发展出了广泛的理论和方法，成为一门视野广阔的关于人类生存环境保护和建设的现代学科。求木之长者，必固其根本；欲流之远者，必浚其泉源。风景园林之根本和泉源就是千百年来人类在与自然的博弈中，受到自然启发，遵循自然规律开展的保护、规划、设计、营建与管理环境中所积累的生存的智慧。无论社会如何发展，科技怎样进步，这些根植于自然与文化的、维护人们享用土地与生态环境之间持续和谐与平衡的生存智慧始终是风景园林学科持续健康发展的基石。

The continuous changes in the human living environment have promoted the development of landscape architecture research and practice, and the definition of landscape architecture has also been continuously adjusted and expanded. For example, in the past hundred years, the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) has been continuously changing the definition of Landscape Architecture: the description of practice objects has refined from land to more specific built environment and natural environment; the proportion of scientific nature of the discipline has been continuously strengthened, and the cognition of the nature of discipline has changed from art to art and science, and then to science and art.

The research and practice of landscape architecture are closely related to the natural environment and social culture, while both nature and culture are regional. Due to the differences in the natural environment, cultural history, and social development status of each country, and in the problems faced by landscape architecture and the areas of concern of the discipline, different countries have different definitions of landscape architecture.

Although there are many definitions of landscape architecture from a broad perspective of time and space, the core content of most definitions is very close, which is: the object of landscape architecture research and practice is land; the scope ranges from microscopic home gardens and small green spaces, to the mesoscopic urban nature, to the macroscopic regional and national landscape, and even to the entire surface of the earth; the purpose is to achieve continuous harmony and balance between artificial construction and nature; the way is through a series of professional means, including research, evaluation, protection, restoration, planning, design, construction and management, to achieve scientific management and utilization of surface space, so that natural areas that have not been or are rarely affected by human beings can be effectively protected and continue succession according to the laws of nature itself, and a humanistic and natural ecological system can be established in the built environment, to support human beings' reasonable production, life and construction activities, and create a human living environment suitable for human use, ecologically balanced and healthy, and with aesthetic value.

Surface space from the perspective of landscape architecture is a complex system including ecological dimension, cultural dimension, social dimension and aesthetic dimension, and including two parts: natural surface area and artificial surface area. Natural areas on the earth's surface, usually with ecosystems, species, and geological diversity of regional, national, or global significance, are distinguished by the dominance of natural forces and processes, with pristine, minimally disturbed intact ecosystems and ecological processes. For the natural areas on the surface, the goal of landscape architecture is to protect and maintain the natural process so that it can continue to develop according to the laws of nature itself; any necessary artificial construction should minimize the negative impact on the natural system and not change the overall evolution of the nature.

The artificial surface area in the earth surface space is the space outside the natural surface. It is the surface formed after human beings continuously transform the surface, exert influence on nature, or build various facilities and structures for production, life, spirituality, religion and aesthetics. It includes farmland, orchards, pastures, reservoirs, canals, woodlands, green land, etc., which are formed by mutual dependence, mutual influence, and superposition of artificiality and nature, as well as completely artificially built environments, such as cities and some infrastructures. For the artificial surface area of the earth surface space, the goals of landscape architecture are: rational development and utilization, reducing the negative impact on nature and promoting the development of the ecological system in a benign direction; establishing a complete and continuous natural system to support human construction and various intervention activities; making non-natural space have ecological value; carrying out ecological restoration to the damaged environment; making the evolution and development of culture sustainable; and giving the environment aesthetic and art values while providing reasonable and high-quality life for human beings.

In 2020, the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) made a very comprehensive definition of the work of landscape architects, involving the work responsibilities, practical approaches, work content, hot issues, goals and other aspects of landscape architects: landscape architects plan, design and manage natural and built environments, applying aesthetic and scientific principles to address ecological sustainability, quality and health of landscapes, collective memory, heritage and culture, and territorial justice. By leading and coordinating other disciplines, landscape architects deal with the interactions between natural and cultural ecosystems, such as adaptation and mitigation related to climate change and the stability of ecosystems, socio-economic improvements, and community health and welfare to create places that anticipate social and economic well-being. IFLA's interpretation of the work of landscape architects is actually a general and universal definition of landscape architecture.

As long as human beings still live on the earth, an eternal proposition of human society is how to continuously build and maintain the harmony and balance between human beings and nature, which is also the unchanging tenet of the landscape architecture discipline. Therefore, the landscape architecture discipline will continue to develop along with the development of human society. Modern landscape architecture inherits the art and experience accumulated by human beings in transforming the natural environment for production and life for thousands of years, combines modern science and technology in response to a series of unprecedented urban problems and environmental challenges after the industrial revolution, has developed a wide range of theories and methods, and has become a modern subject with a broad vision on the protection and construction of the human living environment. Those who look for trees must solidify their roots; those who want to flow far must dredge their springs. The root and source of landscape architecture is the survival wisdom accumulated by human beings in the game with nature for thousands of years, inspired by nature, and carrying out protection, planning, design, construction and management in accordance with the laws of nature. No matter how society develops and how science and technology advances, these living wisdom, rooted in nature and culture, of maintaining the continuous harmony and balance between people's enjoyment of the land and the ecological environment are always the cornerstone of the healthy and sustainable development of the landscape architecture discipline.

本刊主编：王向荣 教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

引文格式

王向荣.风景园林学科发展的基石[J].中国园林，2023，39(1)：2-3.

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排版 | 李旻

校对 | 金花

审核 | 金荷仙