中国园林·刊首语(2023-08) | 王向荣：美丽国土

《中国园林》

Vol. 39  2023-08｜332

本期主题：

建设更具自然价值与文化特色的

中国国土空间

美丽国土

Beautiful National Land

最近，中国风景园林规划设计大会在济南举办，我又一次来到了济南这座历史名城。下榻的酒店位于城南的千佛山山麓，从酒店的高处南望是层峦叠嶂的群山，北望是大明湖及护城河环绕的济南老城。济南城市的历史空间结构，历经2 000余年的沧海桑田，至今仍然有迹可循。它是中国国土空间中自然与人工互相融合，山、水、田、城连为一体的典型代表。

图1 从千佛山看济南城，中心是护城河环绕的济南老城及大明湖，远处可见华山和鹊山(摄影：王中龙)

济南南倚泰沂山脉，山脉的主峰泰山距离城市约50km，而城南的千佛山即为其余脉。耸立于齐鲁平原之上的泰山，东临沧海，南面孔子故里，是中国古代帝王祭祀和封禅之地，也是中国文化的象征之一。泰山因其重要的地理位置和文化地位，以及在中国人心中的特殊情感和象征意义，成为五岳之首，自古便有“登泰山而小天下”的说法。泰山的自然风光是地质构造运动的产物，而其丰富的人文景观则是2 000多年来中国人不断塑造的结果。“山川之美，古来共谈”，在中国，那些在人居环境中险峻奇特的山川，大多经过风景营建和人文熏染，成为自然风景优美且具有深厚历史和丰富文化意蕴的风景名胜，而五岳四渎等国土上的标志性山川，更是成为华夏大地空间格局中的代表性地标。

图2 泰山(图片来源：百度百科)，在中国，那些在人居环境中险峻奇特的山川，都会成为自然风景优美且具有深厚历史和丰富文化意蕴的风景名胜

济南北临中国四渎之一的古济水(19世纪中叶黄河改道于此)，河两岸拱卫着被称为“齐烟九点”的9座小山。由于特殊的地质构造，济南城百泉喷涌，并汇流成护城河、大明湖和华山、鹊山一带的湖泊沼泽，城北分布着千顷稻田和藕池。

图3 今日的鹊山水库及远处的鹊山和华山(摄影：黄守邦)

这样的城市结构在秦汉时期即已形成。宋代曾巩到任济南后，进一步完善了济南的基本格局，奠定了由山、泉、河、湖、城构成的“城即园林”的城市风貌。曾巩的诗句“杨柳巧含烟景合，芙蓉争带露华开。城头山色相围出，檐底波声四面来”，更是令泉城处处柳绿莲红、山色、湖光、泉水一体的景色跃然纸上。后来清人的“四面荷花三面柳，一城山色半城湖”，正是由此脱胎而成。

图4 济南城变迁示意图(王越绘，底图来自歷城.薹灣典藏地图数位化影像製作専案計劃和马正林，编著.中国城市历史地理[M].济南：山东教育出版社，1998.)

济南城的格局呈现出中国古人营城的总体思想，即视山水环境为城市营造的基础，通过全面翔实地寻查山水特征、清晰准确地认知整体环境的山形水系来确定城市的选址和布局，建立城市与山水之间的对应与秩序，使得城市的人工建造融入区域环境的“势”中。山水秩序统领人工与自然的关系，形成浑然一体的城市与山川的总体构图，同时为城市创造出优良的小气候条件、安全的水文环境和适宜的空间尺度。

图5 济南区域山水关系图(王越绘，底图来自Google Earth)

历史上，自济南大明湖南望，可见被称为“佛山倒映”的千佛山倒影在大明湖中的景象；而自大明湖北望，是尖耸的华山、浑厚的鹊山凸起于一片草木繁盛的沼泽原野，就如同赵孟頫的名画“鹊华秋色图”所描绘的场景。华山和鹊山一带曾经是济南的风景胜地，许多园林在此建造，李白、曾巩等诗人都曾描绘过这里的景色。

图6 赵孟頫《鹊华秋色图》

当代快速城市化以后，济南城市迅速拓张，面积早已超过曾巩、赵孟頫时代的百倍，老城内高楼不断拔地而起，从城市眺望千佛山和“齐烟九点”的视线受到越来越多的阻隔。感慨于古代书画中描绘的济南历史景观格局正在逐步消失，吴良镛先生曾提出济南城的发展战略，并绘制了城市设计草图，提出南依千佛山、北望鹊华二山、以鹊华二山为“双阙”、将济南的城市轴线向北延伸形成新轴线的构想。吴先生还提出，在鹊山、华山以及从二山之间穿流而过的黄河和周边地段，规划建设大面积的“鹊华历史文化公园”，来“保护自然、改善生态、发扬文化、重振河山”，让济南仍然保持“城以山川湖泉胜”的品质。吴先生的建议体现了他对中国传统人居环境的深刻认知，是引领济南城市发展的远见卓识。

图7 2013年的华山(摄影：郭巍)

图8 吴良镛先生绘制的“济南地区城市设计框架”草图

十几年前，我有幸参与了济南大明湖和护城河景观规划。这一规划的实施，拓展了大明湖的水面，让大明湖和湖东侧的小东湖连成一体，将大明湖从一个公园中的湖泊转变为城市中的湖泊；贯通了沿护城河的环城公园，形成环护城河长6.9km的城市步行廊道，并使得护城河可以全线通航。后来，我又陆续参与了华山历史文化公园以及黄河之北的济南新旧动能转化区起步区中央公园的规划。现在，华山脚下，一个集风景再现、防洪调蓄、市民休闲、参观游览为一体的湖泊已经建成，而位于鹊山和鹊山水库之北的起步区中央公园的规划也在积极推进中。

△图9 大明湖与护城河水系规划(2007年，图片来源：多义景观)

△图10 由大明湖看城市和千佛山(摄影：王向荣)

△图11 华山与华山湖(图片来源：济南园林设计院)

济南是幸运的，在城市人口不断增加、规模迅速拓展的过程中，仍然有效地守护着老城独有的泉城韵致。而原来的城市自然与文化之轴又继续伸展，南起泰山，向北经千佛山，穿过济南老城和大明湖，连接华山和华山湖，跨过黄河，串起鹊山，并通过起步区中央公园延伸至黄河之北的新城，将“齐烟九点”统一在整体的风景之中，从而强化了济南的自然和历史文化底蕴，不断实现着吴良镛先生所提出的“让自然和人文的气势更为宏阔”的构想。

图12 济南的自然与文化之轴(黄守邦绘)

在历史上，中国有许许多多的地方，像济南及其周边地区一样，经人们有意识有目的的改造，成为一方独特而美丽的土地。中国辽阔的疆域、多样的地理环境、复杂的地质构造，产生了丰富又独具特色的自然景观。多山的国土地貌造就了中国人特有的山水依恋情结，山水成为中国人对国土环境的基本认知。一方面，山岳崇拜、封禅制度、神仙思想和文人墨客的风景描绘促进了山水文化的形成，并引导人们在优美的自然山川中持续不断地进行风景营建；另一方面，为了在一定程度上实现水旱从人的农耕生产目标及安全方便的社会生活理想，中国人不断改造土地，修筑陂塘、开凿河渠、发展农业、建设家园，将山林薮泽转变为田园村镇，将许多原本并不适合农耕的土地变成了膏腴之地。就这样，中国人将华夏大地塑造成为文化与自然互相融合的山水之国。中国的城市就是在这样的环境中产生和演变的，反过来，城市的发展也影响了国土景观的格局。

图13 清《山东黄河全图》(局部)，表达了济南城与黄河、小清河及“齐烟九点”九座小山的地理关系[图片来源：《中国国家图书馆藏山川名胜舆图集成》(第二卷)]

中国国土景观的形成经历了漫长的历史岁月。在农耕文明时期，先民们基于与土地和气候相适应的解决方案，持续不断地改造国土，塑造了人与自然和谐平衡的景观。每一片土地都兼具自然的特征和文化的印记，具有独一无二的身份，这片美丽多样的土地就是我们的家园。

在倡导生态文明的今天，我们的任何建造活动更应该遵循自然的法则，适应于土地的自然因素、地理环境和气候条件，并将土地上的历史积淀传承下去。国土景观的任何发展都应该建立在自然与文化的可持续之上，保证在社会和经济快速变革的过程中，经由漫长历史岁月沉积下来的国土景观仍然受到珍视，每一片土地的景观独特性能够持续，国土景观的多样性能够得到维护。因为国土景观的特征是国家身份的重要体现，国土景观的独特性和多样性是美丽国土的基础，也是美丽中国的基础。

Recently, the Chinese Landscape Architecture Planning and Design Conference was held in Jinan, and I was once again in Jinan, a famous historical city. The hotel I stayed at is located at the foot of Qianfo Mountain to the south of the city. From the hotel's high point, I looked south to the mountains, and north to the old city of Jinan surrounded by Daming Lake and the moat. The historical spatial structure of the city of Jinan is still traceable after more than 2,000 years of vicissitudes. It is a typical example of the integration of nature and artificiality in China's territorial space, where mountains, water, fields and cities are connected as one.

Jinan is surrounded by the Taiyi Mountain Range, the main peak of which is about 50 kilometers away from the city, with Qianfo Mountain to the south of the city as part of the range. Towering above the Qilu Plain, Mount Tai, with the sea to the east and the hometown of Confucius to the south, is a place of worship and sacrifice-offering for Chinese emperors and kings in ancient times, and also one of the important symbols of Chinese culture. Because of its important geographic location and cultural status, as well as the special feelings and symbolism in the hearts of the Chinese people, Mount Tai has become the first of the Five Mountains, and since ancient times there has been a saying that "the world is smaller when you climb Mount Tai". The natural scenery of Mount Tai is the product of geological tectonic movement, while its rich humanistic landscape is the result of 2,000 years of continuous molding by the Chinese people. "The beauty of mountains and rivers has been talked about since ancient times." In China, most of the mountains and rivers that are steep and peculiar in the human environment have become scenic spots with beautiful natural sceneries, deep history and rich cultural connotations through the construction of landscape and humanities, and the iconic mountains and rivers such as the five mountains and four rivers have become representative landmarks in the spatial pattern of the Chinese land.

Jinan is bounded on the north by the ancient Jishui River (where the Yellow River was diverted in the middle of the 19th century), one of China's four rivers, and on both sides of the river are nine hills known as the "Nine Points of Qi State". Due to its special geological structure, Jinan city is surrounded by hundreds of springs, which flow into the moat, Daming Lake and the lakes and marshes around Hua and Que Mountains, and there are thousands of hectares of rice paddies and lotus ponds in the north of the city.

Such a city structure was already formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. After Zeng Gong arrived in Jinan in Song Dynasty, he further improved the basic pattern of the city, and laid down the city style of "city as garden" composed of mountains, springs, rivers, lakes and city. Zeng Gong's poem, "The willow is a combination of mist and scenery, the hibiscus is open with dew, the city is surrounded by the colors of the mountains, and the sound of the waves at the bottom of the eaves is coming from all sides", makes the city of springs with the green willow and lotus, the colors of the mountains, the light of the lake, and the springs all together appear on the paper. Later, the poem of Qing Dynasty "Lotus flowers on all sides, willow on three sides, a city of mountain color, and lakes as half of the city" was born from this.

The pattern of Jinan city shows the general idea of city construction of ancient Chinese people, that is, to regard the landscape environment as the foundation of city construction, to determine the location and layout of the city by comprehensively and accurately searching for landscape features and clearly and accurately recognizing the overall environment of the mountain and water system, and to establish the correspondence and order between the city and the landscape, so as to make the man-made construction of the city integrated into the "potential" the regional environment. The order of landscape dominates the relationship between the artificial and natural environments, forming an integrated overall composition of the city and mountains, while creating excellent microclimate conditions, safe hydrological environment and suitable spatial scale for the city.

Historically, when looking south of Daming Lake in Jinan, the reflection of Qianfo Mountain is in Daming Lake, which is known as the "Reflection of Qianfo Mountain"; and when looking north of Daming Lake, there are the towering and big Hua and Que Mountains protruding from a swampy wilderness of flourishing grass and trees, like the scene depicted in the famous painting of "Autumn Colors of Que and Hua Mountains" by Zhao Mengfu. The scene depicted in the famous painting "Autumn Colors of Magpie Hua" by Zhao Mengfu. The area around Hua and Que Mountains used to be a scenic spot in Jinan, where many gardens were built and poets such as Li Bai and Zeng Gong depicted the scenery.

After the rapid urbanization of the contemporary era, the city of Jinan has expanded rapidly, and its area has long exceeded a hundred times that of Zeng Gong's and Zhao Mengfu's eras. High-rise buildings continue to rise in the old city, and the view of Qianfo Mountain and the "Nine Points of Qi State" from the city has been more and more obstructed. Lamented in the historical landscape pattern of Jinan depicted in ancient paintings and drawings is gradually disappearing, Mr. Wu Liangyong had put forward the development strategy of the city of Jinan, and drew a sketch of the city design, proposing the idea of relying on Qianfo Mountain to the south, looking to Que and Hua Mountains to the north, with the mountains as the watchtowers,and forming a new axis by extending the city axis of Jinan to the north. Mr. Wu also proposed to plan and build a large area of "Que and Hua Mountains Historical and Cultural Park" in the surrounding area of Que Mountain, Hua Mountain, and the Yellow River which flows through between the two mountains, in order to "protect the nature, improve the ecology, carry forward the culture, and revitalize the rivers and mountains", and to let Jinan still maintain the quality of a "city famous for mountains, rivers, lakes, and lakes". Mr. Wu's proposal reflects his deep understanding and knowledge of the traditional Chinese habitat, and is a visionary way to lead Jinan's urban development.

More than ten years ago, I had the honor to participate in the landscape planning of Daming Lake and the moat of Jinan. The implementation of this plan expanded the water surface of Daming Lake, connecting Daming Lake with Xiaodong Lake on the east side of the lake, and transforming Daming Lake from a lake in the park to a lake in the city; and it also opened up a park along the moat, forming a 6.9km urban walking corridor around the moat and making the moat navigable throughout the city. Later, I was involved in the planning of Hua Mountain Historical and Cultural Park and the Starting Area Central Park of Jinan Old and New Dynamic Energy Transformation Zone in the north of the Yellow River. Now, at the foot of Hua Mountain, a lake integrating scenic reproduction, flood control and storage, public recreation, and sightseeing has been built, and the planning of the Starting Area Central Park located to the north of Que Mountain and Queshan Reservoir is also being actively promoted.

Jinan is fortunate that in the process of the city's increasing population and rapid expansion, it still effectively protects the unique spring city charm of the old city. The original natural and cultural axis of the city has been continuously extended, starting from Taishan Mountain in the south, going northward through Qianfo Mountain, passing through the old city of Jinan and Daming Lake, connecting with Hua Mountain and Huashan Lake, crossing the Yellow River, stringing up Que Mountain, and extending through the Starting Area Central Park to the new city north of the Yellow River, unifying the "Nine Points of Qi State" in the overall landscape, thus strengthening the natural and historical cultural background of Jinan, and constantly realizing the concept of "making the natural and humanistic momentum more magnificent" put forward by Mr. Wu Liangyong.

In history, many places in China, like Jinan and its surrounding areas, after people's conscious and purposeful transformation, are made into unique and beautiful land. China's vast territory, diverse geography, and complex geology have produced the rich and distinctive natural landscape. The mountainous landscape of the country has given rise to the Chinese people's unique attachment to mountains and water, which has become their basic perception of the country's environment. On the one hand, the worship of mountains, the sacrifice-offering system, the idea of immortals, and the depiction of landscapes by literati and writers have contributed to the formation of landscape culture and led people to continuously build landscapes in beautiful natural mountains and rivers; on the other hand, in order to realize to a certain extent the goal of "water and drought control by people" in agricultural production and the ideal of a safe and convenient life, the Chinese people have continuously transformed the land, built reservoirs, dug rivers and canals, developed agriculture, and constructed their homes, transforming the mountains, forests, and lakes and ponds into idyllic villages and towns, and transforming a lot of land that was originally not suitable for farming into a fertile land. In this way, the Chinese molded the land of China into a country of landscapes where culture and nature merge with each other. It is in this environment that China's cities have emerged and evolved, and in turn, the development of cities has influenced the pattern of the national territorial landscape.

The formation of China's national landscape has gone through a long history. During the period of farming civilization, the ancestors continuously transformed the land based on solutions compatible with the land and climate, shaping the landscape in a harmonious balance between human and nature. Each piece of land has a unique identity with both natural features and cultural imprints, and this beautiful and diverse land is our home.

In advocating ecological civilization today, any of our construction activities should follow the laws of nature, adapt to the natural factors, geographic environments and climatic conditions of the land, and pass on the historical deposits on the land. Any development of national territorial landscapes should be based on natural and cultural sustainability, to ensure that in the process of rapid social and economic changes, the national territorial landscapes deposited over a long period of time are still treasured, the uniqueness of the landscape of each piece of land can be sustained, and the diversity of the national territorial landscapes can be maintained. Because the characteristics of national territorial landscapes are the important manifestation of national identity, the uniqueness and diversity of national territorial landscapes are the foundation of the beautiful national land, and the foundation of the Beautiful China.

本刊主编：王向荣 教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

引文格式

王向荣.美丽国土[J].中国园林，2023，39(8)：2-3.

//////END//////

排版 | 李旻

校对 | 王媛媛

审核 | 金荷仙