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DOI: 10.1186/s10033-019-0400-4
Design Around Bundle Patent Portfolio Based on Technological Evolution
Hui Li, Jiefeng Yuan, Runhua Tan & Qingjin Peng
Abstract：Product innovation can be achieved by analyzing leading products patents in the market. Different methods have been proposed for design around patent, commonly using the elimination or replacement of a single patent element. However, the existing research fails to restore the position and function of the design around object in the original patent portfolio of enterprises, which often leads to the phenomenon of evading one patent and violating another. This paper proposes a method for design around patent through using the fusion of technologies of the evolution theory and bundle-type patent portfolio analysis in the initial stage of product development. The object system is analyzed to select technical opportunities through the evolutionary path of technologies and functional trimming methods to achieve circumvent barriers of bundle-type patents. The bundle patent portfolio is analyzed for the product evolution with a radar map. The technological evolution path is combined with the TRIZ innovation method to identify and solve the design problem. Patentability of the new design is evaluated using the patent system rules for innovative scheme difference from the original patent portfolio. The method is verified in a case study for the design of a glass-wiping robot. The design solution has been patented.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0400-4
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Hui Li, Jiefeng Yuan, Runhua Tan, Qingjin Peng .Design Around Bundle Patent Portfolio Based on Technological Evolution. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 86.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0402-2
Effect of RANS Turbulence Model on Aerodynamic Behavior of Trains in Crosswind
Tian Li, Deng Qin & Jiye Zhang
Abstract：The numerical simulation based on Reynolds time-averaged equation is one of the approved methods to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of trains in crosswind. However, there are several turbulence models, trains may present different aerodynamic performances in crosswind using different turbulence models. In order to select the most suitable turbulence model, the inter-city express 2 (ICE2) model is chosen as a research object, 6 different turbulence models are used to simulate the flow characteristics, surface pressure and aerodynamic forces of the train in crosswind, respectively. 6 turbulence models are the standard k-ε, Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε, Realizable k-ε, Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω, standard k-ω and Spalart–Allmaras (SPA), respectively. The numerical results and the wind tunnel experimental data are compared. The results show that the most accurate model for predicting the surface pressure of the train is SST k-ω, followed by Realizable k-ε. Compared with the experimental result, the error of the side force coefficient obtained by SST k-ω and Realizable k-ε turbulence model is less than 1 %. The most accurate prediction for the lift force coefficient is achieved by SST k-ω, followed by RNG k-ε. By comparing 6 different turbulence models, the SST k-ω model is most suitable for the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic behavior of trains in crosswind.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0402-2
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Tian Li, Deng Qin , Jiye Zhang . Effect of RANS Turbulence Model on Aerodynamic Behavior of Trains in Crosswind. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 85.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0401-3
Finite Element Method on Shape Memory Alloy Structure and Its Applications
Bo Zhou, Zetian Kang, Zhiyong Wang & Shifeng Xue
Abstract：It is significant to numerically investigate thermo-mechanical behaviors of shape memory alloy (SMA) structures undergoing large and uneven deformation for they are used in many engineering fields to meet special requirements. To solve the problems of convergence in the numerical simulation on thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMA structures by universal finite element software. This work suppose a finite element method to simulate the super-elasticity and shape memory effect in the SMA structure undergoing large and uneven deformation. Two scalars, named by phase-transition modulus and equivalent stiffness, are defined to make it easy to establish and implement the finite element method for a SMA structure. An incremental constitutive equation is developed to formulate the relationship of stress, strain and temperature in a SMA material based on phase-transition modulus and equivalent stiffness. A phase-transition modulus equation is derived to describe the relationship of phase-transition modulus, stress and temperature in a SMA material during the processes of martensitic phase transition and martensitic inverse phase transition. A finite element equation is established to express the incremental relationship of nodal displacement, external force and temperature change in a finite element discrete structure of SMA. The incremental constitutive equation, phase-transition modulus equation and finite element equation compose the supposed finite element method which simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviors of a SMA structure. Two SMA structures, which undergo large and uneven deformation, are numerically simulated by the supposed finite element method. Results of numerical simulation show that the supposed finite element method can effectively simulate the super-elasticity and shape memory effect of a SMA structure undergoing large and uneven deformation, and is suitable to act as an effective computational tool for the wide applications based on the SMA materia
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0401-3
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Bo Zhou, Zetian Kang, Zhiyong Wang , et al.Finite Element Method on Shape Memory Alloy Structure and Its Applications. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2019, 32: 84.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0396-9
Integrated Design of D.D.I., Filament Winding and Curing Processes for Manufacturing the High Pressure Vessel (Type II)
Hyoseo Kwak, Gunyoung Park, Hansaem Seong & Chul Kim
Abstract：As energy crisis and environment pollution all around the world threaten the widespread use of fossil fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles are explored as an alternative to the conventional gasoline powered vehicles. Because of the limited space available for the car, the composite pressure vessel (Type II) has been applied to the CNG vehicles to reach large capacity and weight lightening vehicles. High pressure vessel (Type II) is composed of a composite layer and a metal liner. The metal liner is formed by the deep drawing and ironing (D.D.I.) process, which is a complex process of deep drawing and ironing. The cylinder part is reinforced by composite layer wrapped through the filament winding process and is bonded to the liner by the curing process. In this study, an integrated design method was presented by establishing the techniques for FE analysis of entire processes (D.D.I., filament winding and curing processes) to manufacture the CNG composite pressure vessel (Type II). Dimensions of the dies and the punches of the 1st (cup drawing), 2nd (redrawing-ironing 1-ironing 2) and 3rd (redrawing-ironing) stages were calculated theoretically, and shape of tractrix die to be satisfied with the minimum forming load was suggested for life improvement and manufacturing costs in the D.D.I. process. Thickness of the composite material was determined in the filament winding process, finally, conditions of the curing process (number of heating stage, curing temperature, heating rate and time) were proposed to reinforce adhesive strength between the composite layers.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0396-9
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Hyoseo Kwak, Gunyoung Park, Hansaem Seong , et al. Integrated Design of D.D.I., Filament Winding and Curing Processes for Manufacturing the High Pressure Vessel (Type II). Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 83.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0395-x
Non-destructive Measurement of Magnetic Properties of Claw Pole
Chengliang Hu, Xuejiao Bai, Minjun Tang, Xiaofeng Tang & Zhen Zhao
Abstract：The magnetic properties of the claw pole have a direct effect on the output power of a generator. Many methods can be used to measure these magnetic properties, each with its own advantages, but an important shortcoming is that all are destructive. In this study, a new non-destructive method to measure the magnetic properties of claw pole was proposed and a corresponding testing set-up was designed. A finite-element model was constructed to simulate the measurement process. Results proved that the measured magnetization-like curves had good agreement with the trend of the input magnetic curves and the effect of the positioning error in the measuring process could be neglected. To further validate the new method, seven types of claw poles of different materials subjected to different heat-treatment processes were forged and tested by both the new method and the conventional ring-sample method. Compared with the latter, the new method showed better consistency, relatively higher accuracy, and much stronger stability of measurement results; however, its sensitivity needs to be improved. The effects of material compositions and heat-treatment parameters on the magnetic properties of the claw pole were briefly analyzed.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0395-x
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Chengliang Hu, Xuejiao Bai, Minjun Tang, et al. Non-destructive Measurement of Magnetic Properties of Claw Pole. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 82.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0397-8
High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of the Structure of Cu Precipitate in a Thermal-aged Multicomponent Steel
Lizhan Han, Qingdong Liu& Jianfeng Gu
Abstract：High-dispersed nanoscale Cu precipitates often contribute to extremely high strength due to precipitation hardening, and whereas usually lead to degraded toughness for especially ferritic steels. Hence, it is important to understand the formation behaviors of the Cu precipitates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is utilized to investigate the structure of Cu precipitates thermally formed in a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel. The Cu precipitates were generally formed from solid solution and at the crystallographic defects such as martensite lath boundaries and dislocations. The Cu precipitates in the same aging condition have various structure of BCC, 9R and FCC, and the structural evolution does not greatly correlate with the actual sizes. The presence of different structures in an individual Cu precipitate is observed, which reflects the structural transformation occurring locally to relax the strain energy. The multiply additions in the steel possibly make the Cu precipitation more complex compared to the binary or the ternary Fe–Cu alloys with Ni or Mn additions. This research gives constructive suggestions on alloying design of Cu-bearing alloy steels.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0397-8
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Lizhan Han, Qingdong Liu, Jianfeng Gu . High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of the Structure of Cu Precipitate in a Thermal-aged Multicomponent Steel. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 81.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0393-z
Theoretical Model and Experimental Research on Friction and Torque Characteristics of Hydro-viscous Drive in Mixed Friction Stage
Hongwei Cui, Qiliang Wang, Zisheng Lian & Long Li
Abstract：The hydro-viscous drive (HVD) has been widely used in fan transmission in vehicles, fans, and scraper conveyors for step-less speed regulation or soft starting. In the mixed friction stage, the contact, friction, and torque characteristics of friction pairs are very complex and change at any time. The characteristics of the frictional and hydrodynamic lubrication states were studied in order to calculate and predict the friction and torque characteristics of the friction pairs in the mixed friction stage. The fluid torque was calculated by applying the average shear stress model and the load-carrying capacity of asperity was determined on the basis of the fractal contact theory. In addition, the contact friction coefficient of the friction pairs was taken into consideration and measured by using the MM1000-III friction and wear testing machine. The asperity friction torque and total torque in the mixed friction stage were obtained and finally, the test rig for the torque characteristics was set up. The results show that the contribution to the total torque is shared by the oil film and the asperity friction. The friction coefficient decreases sharply at first and then increases with a change in the relative rotational speed, following the Stribeck curve closely, and the contact frictional coefficient slowly decreases with increase in the pressure between the friction pairs. The torque between the friction pairs is provided by the asperity friction, and the torque due to the oil film reduces to zero. When the thickness of the oil film is small, a major contribution to the total torque is due to the asperity friction. The total torque also increases with the decrease in the film thickness ratio. Therefore, by theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the torque of the friction pairs in the mixed friction stage can be accurately calculated using the average shear stress model and asperity friction torque model.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0393-z
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Hongwei Cui, Qiliang Wang, Zisheng Lian, et al . Theoretical Model and Experimental Research on Friction and Torque Characteristics of Hydro-viscous Drive in Mixed Friction Stage. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 80.
DOI：10.1186/s10033-019-0394-y
Fuzzy Torque Control of the Bionic Flexible Manipulator Actuated by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators
Kai Liu, Yining Chen, Jiaqi Xu, Yang Wu, Yonghua Lu & Dongbiao Zhao
Abstract：A bionic flexible manipulator driven by pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) can better reflect the flexibility of the mechanism. Current research on PMA mainly focuses on the modeling and control strategy of the pneumatic manipulator system. Compared with traditional electro-hydraulic actuators, the structure of PMA is simple but possesses strong nonlinearity and flexibility, which leads to the difficulty in improving the control accuracy. In this paper, the configuration design of a bionic flexible manipulator is performed by human physiological map, the kinematic model of the mechanism is established, and the dynamics is analyzed by Lagrange method. A fuzzy torque control algorithm is designed based on the computed torque method, where the fuzzy control theory is applied. The hardware experimental system is established. Through the co-simulation contrast test on MATLAB and ADAMS, it is found that the fuzzy torque control algorithm has better tracking performance and higher tracking accuracy than the computed torque method, and is applied to the entity control test. The experimental results show that the fuzzy torque algorithm can better control the trajectory tracking movement of the bionic flexible manipulator. This research proposes a fuzzy torque control algorithm which can compensate the error more effectively, and possesses the preferred trajectory tracking performance.
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https://cjme.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10033-019-0394-y
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Kai Liu, Yining Chen, Jiaqi Xu , et al . Fuzzy Torque Control of the Bionic Flexible Manipulator Actuated by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 32: 79.
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