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TED演讲：超重和肥胖有什么区别呢？
The most basic function of bodily fat is self-storage of food reserves.
食物储备的自我存储是脂肪最基本的功能。
In prehistoric times, natural selection favored genotypes that could endure harsh conditions by stocking the most fat.
在史前时期，以保存大量的脂肪来忍耐恶劣坏境的基因型在自然选择中胜出。
With chronic malnutrition being the norm for most of human history, genetics evolved to favor fat storage. So when did body fat become problematic? The negative impacts of being overweight were not even noted in medical literature until as late as the 18th century.
同时，因为慢性的营养不良普遍存在于大多数的人类历史中，遗传基因朝着脂肪存储方向进化。那么，身体脂肪什么时候开始成为了问题？超重的消极影响直到18世纪才在医学记载中出现。
Then, technological advances coupled with public health measures resulted in the betterment of the quantity, quality, and variety of food. Sustained abundance of good food enabled a healthier population to boom economically. Output increased, and with it, leisure time and waistlines. By the mid 19th century, being excessively overweight, or obese, was recognized as a cause of ill health, and another century later, declared deadly.
接着，科技进步与公共健康措施一起提升了食物的产量、质量和丰富性。大量优质食物的持续供给使更健康的人口经济地增长。随着产量的增加，人们的业余时间和腰围也随之增加。到19世纪中期，极度超重或肥胖被认为是不健康的，而一个世纪以后，肥胖则被宣告是致命的。
What is the distinction between being overweight and being obese? A calculation called the BMI breaks it down for us. For example, if someone weighs 65 kilgorams and is 1.5 meters tall, they have a BMI of about 29. Obesity is a condition of excess body fat that occurs when a person's BMI is above 30, just over the overweight range of 25 to 29.9. While BMI can be a helpful estimate of healthy weight, actual body fat percentage can only really be determined by also considering information like waist circumference and muscle mass.
超重和肥胖之间的区别是什么？BMI公式为我们解释了这个问题。举例来说，如果一个人体重65千克身高1.5米，其BMI值大约是29。肥胖意味着身体脂肪超标，即BMI超过30；BMI在25-29.9之间则是刚刚超重。虽然BMI对估算健康的体重有一定帮助，但身体实际的脂肪百分比只能由腰围和肌肉群等信息决定。
Athletes, for instance, have a naturally higher BMI. So how does a person become obese? At its most basic, obesity is caused by energy imbalance. If the energy input from calories is greater than the energy output from physical activity, the body stores the extra calories as fat. In most cases, this imbalance comes from a combination of circumstances and choices. Adults should be getting at least 2.5 hours of exercise each week, and children a whole hour per day. But globally, one in four adults and eight out of ten adolescents aren't active enough.
就像运动员天生就拥有较高的BMI。那么，一个人如何肥胖起来的？从根本上来说，肥胖是由能量的不均衡导致的。如果来自卡路里的能量输入高于物理运动所输出的能量，身体存储的多余卡路里就成了脂肪。大多数情况下，这种不平衡来自环境和选择的结合。成年人每个星期至少要拥有2.5小时的运动量，而儿童每天应有1个小时的运动时间。但是全世界有四分之一的成年人和五分之四的青少年并不积极运动。
Calorie-dense processed foods and growing portion sizes coupled with pervasive marketing lead to passive overeating. And scarce resources, and a lack of access to healthy, affordable foods creates an even greater risk in disadvantaged communities. Yet, our genetic makeup also plays a part. Studies on families and on separated twins have shown a clear causal hereditary relationship to weight gain. Recent studies have also found a link between obesity and variations in the bacteria species that live in our digestive systems.
高热量的加工食品、不断增加的食物分量和多样的食物市场共同导致了消极的过度饮食。而在贫困的社区，食物资源和得到健康又不太昂贵的食物的途径有限则大大提升了出现问题的风险。还有，我们基因组成也有一定作用。对家庭和分开双胞胎的研究已经发现了基因遗传和体重增长的关系。最近的研究也找到了肥胖和我们消化系统中细菌种类变化的联系。
No matter the cause, obesity is an escalating global epidemic. It substantially raises the probability of diseases, like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and cancer. It affects virtually all ages, genders, and socioeconomic groups in both developed and developing countries. With a 60% rise in child obesity globally over just two decades, the problem is too significant to ignore. Once a person is obese, the climb to recovery becomes progressively steeper. Hormonal and metabolic changes reduce the body's response to overeating.
无论何种原因，肥胖是一种逐步升级的全球性流行病。它更极大地提高了患上其他疾病的可能性，如糖尿病、心脏病、中风、高血压和癌症。它无形中影响了所有年龄、性别和社会阶层的人群，无论是在发达国家还是发展中国家。在刚过去的二十年中，全球儿童的肥胖率提高了60%，肥胖问题已经足够严重且难以忽视。一旦肥胖起来，想要恢复就会非常的艰难。荷尔蒙的和新陈代谢的变化减少了身体对过度饮食的反应。
After losing weight, a formerly overweight person burns less calories doing the same exercises as a person who is naturally the same weight, making it much more difficult to shed the excess fat. And as people gain weight, damage to signaling pathways makes it increasingly difficult for the brain to measure food intake and fat storage. There is, however, some evidence that well-monitored, long-term changes in behavior can lead to improvements in obesity-related health issues.
在减去体重以后，一个原先肥胖的人，与原来就同样体重的人做同样的运动，会燃烧更少的脂肪，这也就使减去多余的脂肪变得更加困难。当人们体重增加时，大脑信号通路受到的伤害让大脑对食物摄入的测量和脂肪存储的判断难度上升。但是，一些证据显示行为上良好的控制和长期的改变能够帮助解决与肥胖相关的健康问题。
And weight loss from sustained lifestyle changes, or invasive treatments like bariatric surgery, can improve insulin resistance and decrease inflammation. What was once an advantage for survival is now working against us. As the world's population continues to slow down and get bigger, moving and consciously eating our way towards a healthier weight is essential to our overall well-being.
而且坚持减肥的生活方式或者如减重手术之类的治疗能够提高胰岛素抵抗力，并减少炎症的发生。一个曾经的生存优势正在与我们对抗。随着世界的人口缓慢增长，拥有健康的体重，对于人类的幸福而言非常重要，却也更加困难。
And with the epidemic affecting every country in the world for different socioeconomic reasons, obesity cannot be seen as an isolated issue. More global measures for prevention are essential to manage the weight of the world.
这种流行病正影响着全世界的每个国家。出于不同的社会经济原因，肥胖不应该被当成一个孤立的问题。更多全球性的保护措施对于管理世界人民的体重十分关键。
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