我国杂交小麦育种工作迎来新一轮的飞跃
十几天前,《Nature Communications》杂志刚刚报道了山东农大对小麦太谷核不育基因Ms2的成功克隆。紧接着,该杂志就发表了中国农科院作科所同样的研究进展。
1972年,山西省太谷县农业技术员高忠丽在田间发现了一株天然显性核雄性不育小麦。因小麦为自花授粉作物,雄性不育系对于小麦杂种优势利用意义重大,这一发现受到科学家高度重视,并被视为国宝级种质资源。1979年,中国农科院邓景扬博士将这个小麦命名为“太谷核不育小麦”,并将其不育基因命名为Ta1(国际基因代码Ms2),这也是当时世界上首个彻底不育的雄性不育材料。1981年,中国农科院组织了全国23个省市、44个单位的大协作团队,开展太谷核不育小麦的利用研究。到1994年,有关省市利用太谷核不育体系培育出20多个适应性强、高产和优质小麦品种,推广面积7000多万亩。上世纪90年代末,“矮败小麦之父”中国农科院刘秉华研究员创制出“矮败小麦”,即矮秆和不育紧密连锁的太谷核不育小麦。中国农科院又组织了72家育种单位协同攻关矮败小麦育种技术。截至2009年,全国建立了矮败小麦轮选群体210个,育成品种42个,推广面积1.85亿亩,增产粮食56亿公斤。中国农科院牵头的“太谷核不育小麦的发现、鉴定与初步利用”以及“矮败小麦及其高效育种方法的创建与应用”分别获得1998年度国家科技进步二等奖和2010年度国家科学技术进步一等奖。
矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的太谷核不育小麦。在矮败小麦中,显性雄性不育基因Ms2与显性矮秆基因Rht10在4D染色体短臂上连锁十分紧密,交换率仅有0.18%,矮败小麦接受其它小麦品种的花粉,后代群体中的一半矮秆株表现雄性不育,一半非矮秆株表现正常可育,二者的株高差异一目了然。因此,矮败小麦是非常方便有效的小麦育种工具。然而,受到多态性、重组率低的限制,Ms2基因的克隆之路困难重重。但是,我国众多科研人员四十多年的不懈努力终于还是迎来了回报。
太谷核不育小麦Ms2基因的克隆及功能的深入解析有助于人工创制更多的雄性不育材料。此外,该基因和启动子的应用也已于2015年申报中国(CN201510303817 A)和国际PCT专利(WO2016/193798 A1),我国牢牢掌握着对该基因应用的自主知识产权。这些都将对提高我国杂交小麦育种水平具有不可估量的推动作用。
Nature Communications, 8: 15407, 12 May 2017
A TRIM insertion in the promoter of Ms2 causes male sterility in wheat
Author
Chuan Xia, Lichao Zhang, Cheng Zou……Xu Liu, Jizeng Jia & Xiuying Kong*
*: Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Abstract
The male-sterile ms2 mutant has been known for 40 years and has become extremely important in the commercial production of wheat. However, the gene responsible for this phenotype has remained unknown. Here we report the map-based cloning of the Ms2 gene. The Ms2 locus is remarkable in several ways that have implications in basic biology. Beyond having no functional annotation, barely detectable transcription in fertile wild-type wheat plants, and accumulated destructive mutations in Ms2 orthologs, the Ms2 allele in the ms2 mutant has acquired a terminal-repeat retrotransposon in miniature (TRIM) element in its promoter. This TRIM element is responsible for the anther-specific Ms2 activation that confers male sterility. The identification of Ms2 not only unravels the genetic basis of a historically important breeding trait, but also shows an example of how a TRIM element insertion near a gene can contribute to genetic novelty and phenotypic plasticity.
查看全文请戳下方“阅读原文”!
相关阅读: