不要让令人沮丧的头条新闻掩盖我们在应对气候变化方面所取得的进步 | 盖茨笔记
Between wildfires, floods, and other disasters, climate change is in the news nearly every day. And it will get even more attention late this month as we approach COP, the United Nations’ annual global meeting on climate change.
在野火、洪水以及其他灾害不断发生之际，气候变化几乎每天都成为新闻的一部分。随着本月末联合国气候峰会（COP）的临近，这一话题将得到更多的关注。
▲ 今年夏天，来自极端季风季节的创纪录高水位导致新德里遭受洪水侵袭。（法新社/盖蒂图片社）
I hope you take a positive message away from COP, because there are more reasons to be hopeful than many people realize—and it’s not just that renewable energy sources like wind and solar are getting cheaper. And it’s not just because many of the steps already taken to reduce carbon emissions are working: Carbon emissions from fossil fuels will probably peak in 2025.
我希望你们从COP上得到积极的信息，因为有更多的理由让我们充满希望，而且这不仅仅是因为像风能和太阳能这样的可再生能源变得更便宜。也不仅仅是因为已经采取的许多减少碳排放的措施正在发挥作用：化石燃料的碳排放可能会在2025年达到峰值。
The main thing that makes me optimistic is all the innovation I’m seeing. As someone who has been funding climate solutions for years, I get to learn from ingenious scientists who are working on ideas that will help the world solve climate change. And their work makes me confident that innovation will help the world get on track to meet its climate goals.
让我感到乐观的主要原因是我看到的所有创新。作为多年来一直在资助气候解决方案的人，我有机会向聪明的科学家学习，他们正在研究能够帮助世界解决气候变化问题的创意想法。他们的工作让我相信，创新将帮助世界走上达成气候目标的道路。
Some people are skeptical when a technology person like me says innovation is the answer. And it’s true that new tools aren’t the only thing we need. But we won’t solve the climate problem without them.
有些人对像我这样的科技人士说创新是答案时感到怀疑。的确，新工具并非唯一需要的东西。但如果没有它们，我们将无法解决气候问题。
There are two reasons for this. First, we need to eliminate emissions from every sector of the economy. Although some behavior change will help, the world can't achieve its zero-emissions goals without inventing new ways of doing things. For example, the production of concrete and steel alone accounts for around 10 percent of the world’s annual greenhouse gases, but right now, we don’t have practical ways to make either one without releasing carbon dioxide.
这其中有两个原因。首先，我们需要消除经济各个领域的排放。尽管一些行为变革会有所帮助，但世界无法在不发明新的做事方式的情况下实现零排放目标。例如，仅混凝土和钢铁的生产就占据了全球年温室气体排放的约10％，但目前我们还没有实际的方法来在不释放二氧化碳的情况下进行生产。
The second reason is that, in a world with limited resources, innovations allow us to magnify the impact of our efforts. Consider what has happened in public health over the past two decades: We’ve cut in half the number of children who die before the age of five. Although it’s true that global health funding went up, that’s not the only reason for the dramatic change. It’s also because advances in science and policy drove down the cost of vaccines and made it possible to immunize far more children—and because the world spent its limited resources on the most effective ways to save lives.
第二个原因是，在一个资源有限的世界里，创新使我们能够扩大我们努力的影响。想象一下过去二十年间在公共卫生领域所发生的事情：我们将五岁以下儿童死亡人数减少了一半。虽然全球健康资金的增加是一个原因，但这并不是这种巨大变化的唯一原因。还因为科学和政策的进步降低了疫苗的成本，并使得更多的儿童能够接种疫苗——全球将有限资源投入到了拯救生命的最有效途径上。
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▲ 在卫生保健领域的突破，比如给肯尼亚这个婴儿（左图）和尼泊尔这个儿童（右图）接种的疫苗，展示了创新对气候变化可以产生何种影响。
Innovation will do something similar for climate change. We couldn’t solve the climate problem with existing technology even if we had unlimited resources—and, of course, we don’t have unlimited resources. So we need to be as rigorous as possible about doing the most good with the funding that is available. In my view, that boils down to inventing and deploying new ways to cut emissions and to help people survive and thrive in a warming world.
创新对气候变化也会起到类似的作用。即使我们拥有无限的资源，我们也无法用现有的技术解决气候问题——当然，我们并没有无限的资源。因此，我们需要尽可能严谨地利用现有的资金做出最有益的事情。在我看来，关键是发明并部署新的减排方法，以及帮助人们在一个变暖的世界中生存和繁荣。
I’m funding work in both areas: the former through my company Breakthrough Energy and the latter through the Gates Foundation.
我正在通过我的公司“突破能源”支持这两个领域的工作，通过盖茨基金会支持后者。
In this post, I'll tell you about some of the breakthroughs that fuel my optimism. I’ll start with ways to lower emissions; you can read even more about the progress on that front—including why I think we’re at the beginning of a Clean Industrial Revolution—in Breakthrough Energy’s State of the Transition Report. After emissions, I’ll turn to the subject of helping people, especially in low-income countries, adapt to a warmer world—and why improving health should be part of that work.
在这篇文章中，我将告诉你一些让我感到乐观的突破。我将从降低排放的方法开始；你可以在突破能源的《转型现状报告》中更详细地了解在这方面的进展——包括为什么我认为我们正处于清洁工业革命的开端。在讨论了排放问题之后，我将转向帮助人们，特别是低收入国家的人们，适应一个变暖的世界——以及为什么改善健康应该是这项工作的一部分。
减少碳排放的新方法
New ways to reduce carbon emissions
Cars and power plants get the most attention, but emissions come from lots of different human activities. This chart breaks them down:
汽车和发电厂最受关注，但排放来自许多不同的人类活动。下面这张图表对它们进行了细分:
To give you a sense of how much innovation is going on, here are just a few of the low- or zero-emissions efforts that I’m excited about in each slice of the pie. Breakthrough Energy funds most of these companies, but there are many others I’m not involved in that are also doing promising work.
为了让你感受到创新的规模，这里只列举了一些我对每个领域的低排放或零排放工作感到兴奋的例子。突破能源资助了其中大多数公司，但还有许多我没有涉足的其他公司也在做着有前景的工作。
Manufacturing: Cement and steel are two of the biggest sources of emissions in this category. Boston Metal is well on the way to making steel with electricity (which can be generated without emissions) instead of coal. CarbonCure and Ecocem have developed low-carbon processes for making cement, and Brimstone has a way to do it while actually removing carbon from the air.
制造业：在这一类别中，水泥和钢铁是两个最大的排放源。Boston Metal已经在通过电力（可以在无排放情况下生成）而不是煤炭来制造钢铁的道路上取得了良好的进展。CarbonCure和Ecocem已经开发出低碳制造水泥的工艺，而Brimstone则通过一种方法在制造水泥的同时实际上从空气中去除碳。
Electricity: Earlier this year I visited Kemmerer, Wyoming, to see the future site of the next-generation nuclear power plant that TerraPower is building there. It will bring 1,600 construction jobs and 250 permanent jobs to the local economy, and it will be much safer and produce far less waste than conventional designs. In addition, several companies including Commonwealth Fusion are developing ways to make clean energy by pressing atoms together instead of breaking them apart. And as I mentioned earlier, the cost of renewables like wind and solar keeps coming down.
电力：今年早些时候，我访问了怀俄明州肯默尔市，看到了泰拉能源（TerraPower）正在那里建设的下一代核电站的未来场地。这将为当地经济带来1,600个建设岗位和250个永久性岗位，而且它将比传统设计更安全，产生的废物也要少得多。此外，包括Commonwealth Fusion在内的几家公司正在开发通过将原子压缩在一起而不是分裂它们的方式来产生清洁能源。正如我之前提到的，风能和太阳能等可再生能源的成本持续降低。
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▲ Brimstone的工程师正在研发该公司的负碳水泥。
▲ 我在五月份去了怀俄明州，参观了Natrium工厂的现场，该工厂预计在投入运营时将成为世界上最先进的核设施。
Agriculture: We need to both reduce farming-related emissions and help farmers grow more food in a warmer climate. To reduce emissions, we need to replace the synthetic fertilizers that release nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, when broken down by microbes in the soil; Pivot Bio has genetically modified microbes to provide plants with the nitrogen they need without the excess greenhouse gases that synthetic alternatives produce. Savor Foods is working on a process for creating fats from carbon dioxide and hydrogen that would replace meat-based fats, and C16 Biosciences is using fermentation to make an alternative to natural palm oil. I’ll turn to the other challenge—helping farmers grow more food—shortly.
农业：我们既需要减少与农业有关的排放，又需要帮助农民在更温暖的气候中种植更多的食物。为了减少排放，我们需要替代合成肥料，这些肥料在土壤中被微生物分解时释放出一种温室气体——氧化亚氮；Pivot Bio已经通过基因改造微生物，为植物提供它们所需的氮，而不会产生合成替代品产生的过多温室气体。Savor Foods正在研究一种利用二氧化碳和氢制造脂肪的过程，以取代以肉为基础的脂肪，而C16 Biosciences正在使用发酵技术制造天然棕榈油的替代品。我将很快转向另一个挑战——帮助农民种植更多的食物。
Transportation: One of the knocks on electric vehicles has been their limited range—but ranges are getting better fast. In 2025, the company Our Next Energy will produce a battery that can run an EV for 600 miles. There’s progress on electric buses as well: China is a leader in both making and using them—in 2020, some 60 percent of all buses in the country ran on electricity, according to government figures. In shipping, Fleet Zero is doing for ships what other companies have done for EVs—showing that it's possible to power them with batteries rather than fossil fuels. And in aviation, a recent study by Google, American Airlines, and Breakthrough Energy suggests that contrail emissions could be cut by half if passenger planes make minor adjustments to their routes and fly just a few thousand feet lower.
交通：电动汽车的一个缺点是它们的续航里程有限，但续航里程正在迅速改善。到2025年，Our Next Energy公司将生产一种可以让电动汽车行驶600英里的电池。电动公交车也有所进展：中国在制造和使用电动公交车方面是领先的——根据政府数据，2020年该国60%的公交车都是电动的。在航运领域，Fleet Zero正在为船舶做其他公司为电动汽车所做的事情——展示它们可以用电池而不是化石燃料提供动力。在航空领域，谷歌、美国航空公司和突破能源最近的一项研究表明，如果客机稍微调整航线并飞行高度降低几千英尺，飞机的凝结尾迹排放量可能减少一半。
Buildings: Buildings waste a lot of energy: Because of inefficient windows and gaps in what’s known as the building envelope, as much as 40% of heated or cooled air leaks out of the typical building. If we can drive that number down, buildings will require less heating and cooling—which will substantially lower our emissions. Aeroseal has developed a polymer that can seal ducts and other crevices; more than a quarter of a million buildings in the U.S. and Canada are already using their product. Another company, Luxwall, has developed a window that’s many times more efficient than the single-pane windows used in most buildings. And unlike double-paned windows, it’s thin enough to replace single-paned glass without having to rebuild the frame.
建筑：建筑浪费了大量能源：由于低效的窗户和所谓的建筑围护结构的缝隙，典型的建筑中有多达40%的加热或冷却空气泄漏出去。如果我们能降低这个数字，建筑将需要更少的供暖和制冷，这将大大降低我们的排放。Aeroseal已经开发出一种可以密封管道和其他缝隙的聚合物；美国和加拿大已经有超过25万座建筑使用了他们的产品。另一家公司Luxwall已经研发出一种比大多数建筑中使用的单层窗户效率高多倍的窗户。而且与双层窗户不同，它足够薄，可以取代单窗格玻璃，而无需重建框架。
帮助贫困国家人民繁荣发展的新方法
New ways to help people in poor countries thrive
In conversations about helping people in poor countries adapt to a warmer world, health and development don’t usually come up. But they should. They’re inextricably linked.
在有关帮助贫穷国家人民适应全球变暖的讨论中，健康和发展通常不被提及。但它们应该被联系在一起。
For example, floods and other types of extreme weather are hindering vaccination campaigns. Extreme heat is expected to increase the incidence of preterm births and stillbirths, because pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to such conditions. And in a warmer climate, mosquitoes will move to new regions that are unprepared for the diseases they carry, potentially causing a 10 percent spike in annual malaria deaths by 2030.
例如，洪水和其他极端天气阻碍了疫苗接种活动。极端高温预计将增加早产和死产的发生率，因为孕妇对这种情况特别脆弱。而在更温暖的气候下，蚊子将迁移到对它们携带的疾病毫无准备的新地区，可能导致到2030年每年疟疾死亡人数激增10%。
But the best example of the connection between health and climate is nutrition.
但健康和气候之间联系最好的例子是营养。
Every year, at least 250,000 children die because they’re malnourished—some estimates put the number at more than ten times that—and millions of others are stunted, which means they’re not fully developing physically or cognitively. One reason for these horrific numbers is probably not surprising: There often isn’t enough nutritious food available. So to solve malnutrition, farmers in poor countries need to be able to grow more food that has the nutrients children need.
每年至少有25万儿童因为营养不良而死亡——一些估计将这个数字放大了十倍以上——还有数百万其他儿童发育受阻，这意味着他们在生理和认知上没有充分发展。这些可怕数字的一个原因可能并不令人惊讶：通常没有足够的营养食物可供选择。因此，要解决营养不良问题，贫困国家的农民需要能够种植更多满足儿童需求的富含营养的食物。
▲ 通过提高粮食产量，我们可以帮助减少像这些在印度农村诊所接受检查的儿童那样的营养不良和生长发育受阻的问题。
Helping them do that has been a key part of the Gates Foundation’s strategy for more than a decade, but unfortunately, it’s going to get harder in the coming years because heat waves and other effects of climate change will lower crop yields in poor countries. One study found that by 2030, undernutrition could claim the lives of 95,000 additional children every year.
十多年来，帮助他们做到这一点一直是盖茨基金会战略的关键部分，但不幸的是，未来几年将变得更加困难，因为高温和气候变化的其他影响将降低贫困国家的农作物产量。一项研究发现，到2030年，由于营养不良，每年将导致额外的95,000名儿童死亡。
Even without the complications of climate change, growing more food isn't sufficient to solve the problem, because there’s another reason that children are malnourished: They often don’t have the right bacteria in their digestive system—what’s known as the gut microbiome—to convert the food they eat into the nutrients they need. (I wrote at length about this in the Gates Foundation’s latest Goalkeepers report.)
即使没有气候变化的复杂情况，单纯增加粮食产量也不足以解决问题，因为儿童营养不良的另一个原因是：他们的消化系统中通常没有合适的细菌——即所谓的肠道微生物群——将他们摄入的食物转化为所需的营养。（我在盖茨基金会最新的目标守卫者报告中对此进行了详细阐述。）
In other words, to save children’s lives, farmers need to grow more food and scientists need to solve the gut microbiome problem.
换句话说，为了拯救儿童的生命，农民需要种植更多的粮食，科学家需要解决肠道微生物问题。
And, more broadly, climate and health go hand in hand. When the world grades its progress, the scorecard shouldn’t be an emissions scorecard or an adaptation scorecard--it should be a human development scorecard. Every discussion about allocating scarce resources for climate and health should start with the question, “What’s the best use of this money for saving and improving the most lives?” After all, nobody would be better off in a world with fewer emissions but more sickness, hunger, and death.
而且，更广泛地说，气候和健康是相辅相成的。当世界评估其进展时，评分卡不应该是一个排放评分卡或气候适应评分卡——它应该是一个人类发展评分卡。关于分配有限资源用于气候和健康的每一次讨论都应该以这个问题开始：“用这笔钱最好的方式是拯救和改善最多的生命吗？”毕竟，在一个排放更少但疾病、饥饿和死亡更多的世界里，没有人会过得更好。
As urgent as the climate problem is, we can’t forget that people are also dying from infectious diseases and malnutrition. We shouldn’t turn our backs on them. Their lives are just as precious as the grandchildren we want to preserve the climate for.
尽管气候问题紧迫，我们不能忘记人们也因传染病和营养不良而丧生。我们不应该对他们置之不理。他们的生命和我们为之保护气候的孙辈一样宝贵。
That’s why the world should have two priorities for helping low-income countries adapt to climate change. One is to help farmers there produce more crops and livestock so they can raise their incomes and all children can get the nutrients they need. No other adaptation effort will have more impact. The other priority should be to continue the world’s progress on reducing its worst inequity—health—and on lifting people out of extreme poverty.
这就是为什么世界应该在帮助低收入国家适应气候变化方面有两个优先事项的原因。一个是帮助那里的农民生产更多的农作物和牲畜，以提高他们的收入，让所有的孩子都能得到他们需要的营养。没有任何其他适应措施比这更有影响力。另一个优先事项应该是继续世界在减少最严重的不公平——健康——以及使人们摆脱极端贫困方面取得进展。
Let’s start with improved crops. African researchers have developed a new generation of high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties of cassava. Other scientists have bred and released 160 drought-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties of maize; in Zimbabwe, farmers who planted one of these varieties harvested enough extra maize to feed their families for nine months. And in California, researchers are using artificial intelligence and 3D models of crops to help breeders develop seeds that will grow well in warmer, drier climates.
我们首先从改良作物开始。非洲研究人员已经培育出一代新的高产、抗病品种的木薯。其他科学家已经培育并推出了160种耐旱抗病的玉米品种；在津巴布韦，种植其中一种品种的农民收获的玉米足够他们一家吃9个月。在加利福尼亚，研究人员正在利用人工智能和作物的3D模型，帮助育种员培育在更温暖、更干旱的气候中生长良好的种子。
▲ 木薯是肯尼亚和其他许多国家的主要作物，新品种木薯正在帮助像肯尼亚这样的农民在气候变暖的情况下种植更多的粮食。
Many smallholder farmers rely on livestock as well as crops—they’re a crucial source of income and nutrition for 750 million people in poor countries. Researchers in Kenya and Scotland are identifying the genetic traits that help some chickens withstand heat and diseases, and then introducing those traits into poultry breeds that are prized for their high levels of meat and egg yields. And in Bangladesh, fish farmers are using genetically improved rohu, an indigenous species of carp, that grow 20 to 30 percent faster than what most producers are currently cultivating. The goal is to steadily improve the growth rate of their fish by five to ten percent every two years.
许多小农户除了种植作物外，还依赖牲畜——它们是贫穷国家7.5亿人的重要收入和营养来源。肯尼亚和苏格兰的研究人员正在确定一些鸡类能够抵抗高温和疾病的遗传特征，然后将这些特征引入那些因其高产肉和蛋而受到青睐的家禽品种中。在孟加拉国，养鱼户正在使用经过基因改良的罗虎鱼，这是一种本地鲤鱼品种，比大多数养殖户目前养殖的鲤鱼生长速度快20%到30%。其目标是每两年以5%到10%的速度稳步提高鱼类的生长率。
Farmers don’t just need new seeds and crops—they also need up-to-date information. One project encourages East African farmers to sign up for texts containing climate-smart agriculture advice—including, eventually, whether a swarm of locusts might be coming. Another effort, in Kenya, lets farmers use their phones to buy seeds and fertilizer, get technical advice, apply for credit and crop insurance, and more. It already has 1.4 million subscribers.
农民不仅需要新的种子和作物，他们还需要及时的信息。一个项目鼓励东非农民订阅包含气候智能农业建议的短信，最终还包括蝗虫群是否可能来袭的信息。在肯尼亚，另一个项目让农民可以使用手机购买种子和化肥，获取技术建议，申请信贷和农作物保险等。它已经拥有了140万订阅用户。
Although artificial intelligence alone won’t solve the malnutrition problem, it will accelerate progress in all of these areas. Crop scientists are using it to create better seeds. In Tanzania, a computer scientist is developing an AI-powered Swahili chatbot that will help smallholder farmers detect crop diseases quickly and easily. A project in Uganda is looking at using ChatGPT to give smallholder farmers accurate agricultural advice on a wide range of crops. And in Ghana, AI will help teach farmers climate-smart practices like crop diversification.
尽管单靠人工智能不能解决营养不良问题，但它将加速所有这些领域的进展。作物科学家正在利用它来创造更好的种子。在坦桑尼亚，一位计算机科学家正在开发一款由人工智能驱动的斯瓦希里语聊天机器人，将帮助小农户迅速轻松地检测作物病害。乌干达的一个项目正在考虑使用ChatGPT为小农户提供有关各种作物的准确农业建议。而在加纳，人工智能将帮助教导农民气候智能的实践，比如作物多样化。
On the health front, scientific breakthroughs are coming faster than ever. Armed with the latest insights into the gut microbiome, doctors are now recommending a probiotic for babies that helps them absorb the nutrients in their mother’s milk. Researchers are also learning about how babies’ microbiomes vary by geography—children in India need a different probiotic from ones born in the United States—and using this knowledge to fine-tune their approaches.
在健康领域，科学突破正以前所未有的速度发展。在最新对肠道微生物的了解基础上，医生现在建议给婴儿服用益生菌，帮助他们吸收母乳中的营养。研究人员还在研究婴儿的微生物群是如何因地域而异的——印度的儿童需要与美国出生的婴儿不同的益生菌——并利用这一知识来调整他们的方法。
There’s progress in other fields too. AI models are accelerating the search for new drugs and vaccines by helping researchers zero in on the approaches that are most likely to work and rule out the ones that won’t. Advances in gene editing are creating new tools for fighting disease as temperatures rise; in Djibouti, for example, scientists and government officials are working together to use gene editing to get rid of a deadly type of mosquito that has recently moved into the country’s urban areas.
其他领域也取得了进展。人工智能模型正在加速对新药和疫苗的研究，帮助研究人员将注意力集中在最有可能起作用的方法上，排除那些不起作用的方法。基因编辑的进展正在创造新的工具来对抗气温上升所带来的疾病；例如，在吉布提，科学家和政府官员正共同努力利用基因编辑来消灭最近进入该国城市地区的一种致命蚊子。
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▲ 气候变暖为昆虫及其携带的疾病提供了更多适宜的生存地。Oxitec开发了一种基因（左图），当将其植入雄性蚊子（右图）时，将减少特定区域的蚊子数量。
Of course, I think health and development would need to be priorities even if they had nothing to do with climate change. But they have a lot to do with it. People in poor countries will be in the best position to survive a warming climate if they are healthy and on a strong financial footing. And as countries’ economies grow, they'll be able to afford the clean-energy solutions that will get the world to net-zero emissions. Clean energy will only reach the scale we need if its price comes down and if incomes go up. Otherwise, countries will be stuck in debt or reliant on the limited and unpredictable aid money that flows from rich countries.
当然，我认为健康和发展即使与气候变化无关也应该是首要任务。但它们确实与气候变化密切相关。如果贫穷国家的人民身体健康，经济基础雄厚，他们将最能在气候变暖中生存下来。随着各国经济的增长，它们将能够负担得起清洁能源解决方案，从而使世界实现净零排放。清洁能源只有在价格下降、收入增加的情况下才能达到我们所需的规模。否则，这些国家将陷入债务困境，或依赖富裕国家提供的有限且不可预测的援助资金。
Now, there are some other adaptation strategies that should be used around the world; for example, countries need to shore up defenses against rising sea levels. They also need stronger early warning systems: The fires in Maui and floods in Libya would have killed fewer people if warning systems had been in place.
当然，全球还需要采用一些其他的适应策略；例如，各国需要加强海平面上升防御系统。他们还需要更强大的预警系统：如果有预警系统，毛伊岛的火灾和利比亚的洪灾可能导致的死亡人数会更少。
But by maintaining efforts to improve the world’s health and development, we’ll ensure that progress on climate change has the greatest possible impact for human welfare. We won’t just keep the planet livable—we’ll make it a better place to live.
但是，通过继续努力改善世界的健康和发展，我们将确保在气候变化方面取得的进展对人类福祉产生尽可能大的影响。我们不仅会保持这个星球的宜居性，还会使它成为一个更好的居住地。
You can read more about the Gates Foundation’s approach to helping people adapt to climate change on our website.
你可以在我们的网站上详细了解盖茨基金会帮助人们适应气候变化的方法。
下一步该怎么做
What to do next
There are several steps the world can take to speed up the pace of innovation, make sure it benefits the world’s poorest people, and cushion the blow from rising temperatures.
世界可以采取几个步骤来加快创新的步伐，确保其惠及全球最贫困的人民，并缓解气温上升的冲击。
Philanthropists, governments, and companies should make big bets now that will help crucial innovations—including clean hydrogen, electricity transmission, and carbon removal—get developed and deployed as quickly as possible. Funding clean-energy research not only gives us new tools to reduce emissions, it also creates jobs and makes clean energy cheaper for everyone. It’s estimated that the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act will create more than 170,000 clean energy jobs, including electricians, mechanics, construction workers, technicians, and support staff.
慈善家、政府和企业应该立即进行重点投资，帮助关键创新——包括清洁氢、电力输送和碳消除——尽快得到开发和部署。资助清洁能源研究不仅为减排提供了新工具，还创造了就业机会，并使清洁能源更便宜。据估计，美国《通胀削减法案》将创造超过17万个清洁能源工作岗位，包括电工、机械师、建筑工人、技术人员和支持人员。
Companies and governments—and individuals who can afford it—should use their purchasing power to create demand for low-carbon products such as electric vehicles, alternative meats, and electric heat pumps, which will attract more innovators and ultimately drive prices down.
公司、政府以及有能力的个人应该利用其购买力，创造对低碳产品的需求，如电动汽车、替代性肉类和电动热泵，这将吸引更多的创新者，最终推动价格下降。
Grants—and loans with the lowest interest rates—should go to low-income countries so they have the best opportunity to adapt successfully to climate change. Right now, the poorest countries in the world are borrowing money and then getting saddled with debt payments to adapt to climate change that they did not cause. This is not fair or effective—and it’s leaving them with less money to help their own people.
赠款和利率最低的贷款应该提供给低收入国家，使它们有最好的机会成功适应气候变化。目前，世界上最贫穷的国家正在借钱，然后被迫付出债务偿还的代价，以适应他们并未引起的气候变化。这既不公平也不有效，而且让这些国家没有足够的资金来帮助他们自己的人民。
The world also needs to accelerate research on crop varieties that can withstand climate shocks. To make these crops affordable for smallholder farmers, countries should meet the commitment they made in 2021 and double the amount of funding for adaptation by 2025. This should include fully funding the network of agricultural research groups known as CGIAR.
世界还需要加速研究能够抵御气候冲击的作物品种。为了使这些作物对小农户来说负担得起，各国应该履行他们在2021年作出的承诺，到2025年将气候适应资金翻倍。这应该包括全面资助被称为国际农业研究磋商组织（CGIAR）的农业研究组织网络。
Finally, we should elevate health and development as a priority alongside climate. That means fully funding basic health care in low-income countries. And from now on, every COP should have a day dedicated to health—as COP28 does—where the world reviews progress on the Sustainable Development Goals and focuses on the people who will be hit hardest by climate change.
最后，我们应该把健康和发展与气候问题一起提升为优先事项。这意味着充分资助低收入国家的基本卫生保健。从现在起，每届COP都应该有一天专门讨论卫生问题，就像第28届COP一样，全世界在会上审查可持续发展目标的进展情况，并关注受气候变化影响最严重的人群。
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▲ 气候和健康工作应该优先考虑低收入和中等收入国家的需求，如巴基斯坦的这个家庭（左图）和乌干达的这些学生（右图）。
When COVID struck, the world wasn’t ready. The limited money that was available to help came at the expense of other lifesaving efforts—causing a major setback for nutrition, polio, malaria, and immunization. We should learn from this mistake and respond to the risk of a climate disaster equitably while we regain and maintain our progress on these other priorities. By investing in innovation that works for everyone, we can tackle the world’s biggest threats to human lives and livelihoods and get closer to a truly equitable world.
当新冠疫情暴发时，世界并没有做好准备。用于援助的有限资金是在牺牲其他拯救生命的努力的基础上获得的，这对于解决营养、脊髓灰质炎、疟疾和免疫接种等问题造成了严重的挫折。我们应该从这个错误中吸取教训，同时在重新取得并保持这些其他优先事项的进展的同时，公平应对气候灾难的风险。通过投资于造福所有人的创新，我们可以解决世界上对人类生命和生计的最大威胁，并更接近一个真正公平的世界。