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2018|人类是从猴子还是从鱼类进化而来的？在这个启发性的演讲中，鱼类学家和TED研究员Prosanta Chakrabarty消除了一些关于进化的硬连线神话，鼓励我们记住，我们只是一个复杂的，40亿年过程的一小部分 - 而不是结束。“我们不是进化的目标，”Chakrabarty说。“把我们所有人都想象成这片古老而巨大的生命树上的小叶子 - 不仅是彼此无形的分支，而是我们已经灭绝的亲戚和我们的进化祖先。
”Four billion years of evolution in six minutes
Prosanta Chakrabarty
If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?Well, because we're not monkeys, we're fish.Now, knowing you're a fish and not a monkey is actually really important to understanding where we came from. I teach one of the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US, and when my students finally understand why I call them fish all the time, then I know I'm getting my job done. But I always have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwired myths, because without really knowing it, many of us were taught evolution wrong.现在，知道你是一条鱼而不是一只猴子 对于理解我们来自哪里非常重要。我教过美国最大的进化生物学课程之一， 当我的学生终于理解为什么我一直称他们钓鱼时， 我知道我已经完成了我的工作。但我总是要通过消除一些硬连线的神话来开始我的课程， 因为如果不知道它，我们中的许多人被教导进化错误。For instance, we're taught to say "the theory of evolution." There are actually many theories, and just like the process itself, the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive to this day. The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection. That's the process by which organisms that best fit an environment survive and get to reproduce, while those that are less fit slowly die off. And that's it. Evolution is as simple as that, and it's a fact.例如，我们被教导说“进化论”。实际上有许多理论，就像流程本身 一样，最适合数据的理论是那些能够存活到今天的理论。我们最了解的是达尔文的自然选择。这是最适合环境的生物 存活并重现的过程， 而那些不太适合的 生物慢慢消失。就是这样。进化就像那样简单，这是事实。Evolution is a fact as much as the "theory of gravity." You can prove it just as easily. You just need to look at your bellybutton that you share with other placental mammals, or your backbone that you share with other vertebrates, or your DNA that you share with all other life on earth. Those traits didn't pop up in humans. They were passed down from different ancestors to all their descendants, not just us.进化与“引力论”一样重要。你可以很容易地证明它。你只需要看看 你与其他胎盘哺乳动物共享 的肚脐，或者你与其他脊椎动物共享的骨干， 或者你与地球上所有其他生命共享的DNA。这些特征并没有出现在人类身上。他们从不同的祖先传给了他们 所有的后代，而不仅仅是我们。But that's not really how we learn biology early on, is it? We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things, and fish give rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals, and then you get you, this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line. But life doesn't evolve in a line, and it doesn't end with us. But we're always shown evolution portrayed something like this, a monkey and a chimpanzee, some extinct humans, all on a forward and steady march to becoming us. But they don't become us any more than we would become them. We're also not the goal of evolution.但这并不是我们早期如何学习生物学的原因，是吗？我们学习植物和细菌是原始的东西， 鱼类产生两栖动物，然后是爬行动物和哺乳动物， 然后你就会得到你， 这个完美的进化生物就在生命的尽头。但生活并没有在一条线上发展， 它并不以我们为终点。但是我们总是把进化描绘成这样的东西， 一只猴子和一只黑猩猩， 一些已经灭绝的人类， 都在前进和稳定的行进中成为我们。但他们不会成为我们，而不是成为他们。我们也不是进化的目标。But why does it matter? Why do we need to understand evolution the right way? Well, misunderstanding evolution has led to many problems, but you can't ask that age-old question, "Where are we from?" without understanding evolution the right way. Misunderstanding it has led to many convoluted and corrupted views of how we should treat other life on earth, and how we should treat each other in terms of race and gender.但为什么这很重要？为什么我们需要以正确的方式理解进化？好吧，误解进化导致了许多问题， 但你不能问这个古老的问题， “我们从哪里来？” 没有理解进化的正确方法。对它的误解导致了许多令人费解和腐败的观点 ，即我们应该如何对待地球上的其他生命， 以及我们应该如何 在种族和性别方面相互对待。So let's go back four billion years. This is the single-celled organism we all came from. At first, it gave rise to other single-celled life, but these are still evolving to this day, and some would say the Archaea and Bacteria that make up most of this group is the most successful on the planet. They are certainly going to be here well after us.让我们回到40亿年前。这是我们都来自的单细胞生物。起初，它产生了其他单细胞生命， 但这些仍然发展到今天， 有些人会说 ，组成该群体大部分 的古菌和细菌是地球上最成功的。他们肯定会在我们之后很好地在这里。About three billion years ago, multicellularity evolved. This includes your fungi and your plants and your animals. The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes. So technically, all vertebrates are fishes, so technically, you and I are fish. So don't say I didn't warn you.大约30亿年前，多细胞性进化了。这包括你的真菌，植物和动物。开发骨干的第一批动物是鱼类。从技术上讲，所有的脊椎动物都是鱼类， 所以从技术上讲，你和我都是鱼。所以不要说我没有警告你。One fish lineage came onto land and gave rise to, among other things, the mammals and reptiles. Some reptiles become birds, some mammals become primates, some primates become monkeys with tails, and others become the great apes, including a variety of human species. So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys, but we do share a common ancestor with them.一条鱼系列登陆陆地 ，并产生了哺乳动物和爬行动物等。一些爬行动物成为鸟类，一些哺乳动物成为灵长类动物， 一些灵长类动物成为带尾巴的猴子， 而另一些成为巨猿，包括各种人类。所以你看，我们并没有从猴子 身上发展出来，但我们确实与他们共同拥有共同的祖先。All the while, life around us kept evolving: more bacteria, more fungi, lots of fish, fish, fish. If you couldn't tell -- yes, they're my favorite group.一直 以来， 我们周围的生活都在不断发展：更多的细菌，更多的真菌，大量的鱼，鱼，鱼。如果你不能说 - 是的，他们是我最喜欢的团体。04:05:As life evolves, it also goes extinct. Most species just last for a few million years. So you see, most life on earth that we see around us today are about the same age as our species. So it's hubris, it's self-centered to think, "Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive, and we've been here for an evolutionary minute, so we're somehow special."随着生命的发展，它也会灭绝。大多数物种只持续了几百万年。所以你看，我们今天在地球上看到的大多数生命 与我们的物种大致相同。所以它是傲慢的，它以自我为中心思考， “哦，植物和细菌是原始的， 我们已经在这里进化了一分钟， 所以我们在某种程度上是特殊的。”Think of life as being this book, an unfinished book for sure. We're just seeing the last few pages of each chapter. If you look out on the eight million species that we share this planet with, think of them all being four billion years of evolution. They're all the product of that. Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life, all of us connected by invisible branches not just to each other, but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors.As a biologist, I'm still trying to learn, with others, how everyone's related to each other, who is related to whom.把生命想象成这本书，肯定是一本未完成的书。我们刚看到每章的最后几页。如果你看看 我们与这个星球分享 的八百万种物种，想想它们都是40亿年的进化。他们都是这一切的产物。把我们所有人都想象成这片古老而巨大的生命之树上的幼叶，我们所有人都是 通过看不见的枝条而不是彼此相连， 而是与我们灭绝的亲戚和我们的进化祖先 联系在一起。作为一名生物学家，我仍然试图与其他人一起学习 每个人如何与彼此相关，谁与谁有关系。Perhaps it's better still to think of us as a little fish out of water. Yes, one that learned to walk and talk, but one that still has a lot of learning to do about who we are and where we came from.或许最好还是 把我们想象成一条脱离水的小鱼。是的，一个学会走路和说话的人， 但是仍然有很多学习要做的 关于我们是谁以及我们来自哪里的人。
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TED演讲130篇+
孤独的你其实并不孤单