初心诵┆星星之火,传以燎原——师生接力共读《共产党宣言》第五期!
本期摘要
资产阶级用来推翻封建制度的武器,现在却对准资产阶级自己了。
——《共产党宣言》
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三院师生带来的诚意满满的“初心诵”第五期
原文如下
《共产党宣言》
Manifesto of the Communist Party
马克思 恩格斯
资产阶级用来推翻封建制度的武器,现在却对准资产阶级自己了。
但是,资产阶级不仅锻造了置自身于死地的武器;它还产生了将要运用这种武器的人——现代的工人,即无产者。
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself.
But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.
随着资产阶级即资本的发展,无产阶级即现代工人阶级也在同一程度上得到发展;现代的工人只有当他们找到工作的时候才能生存,而且只有当他们的劳动增殖资本的时候才能找到工作。这些不得不把自己零星出卖的工人,像其他任何货物一样,也是一种商品,所以他们同样地受到竞争的一切变化、市场的一切波动的影响。
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all the fluctuations of the market.
由于推广机器和分工,无产者的劳动已经失去了任何独立的性质,因而对工人也失去了任何吸引力。工人变成了机器的单纯的附属品,要求他做的只是极其简单、极其单调和极容易学会的操作。因此,花在工人身上的费用,几乎只限于维持工人生活和延续工人后代所必需的生活资料。但是,商品的价格,从而劳动的价格,是同它的生产费用相等的。因此,劳动越使人感到厌恶,工资也就越少。不仅如此,机器越推广,分工越细致,劳动量出就越增加,这或者是由于工作时间的延长,或者是由于在一定时间内所要求的劳动的增加,机器运转的加速,等等。
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of the machinery, etc.
现代工业已经把家长式的师傅的小作坊变成了工业资本家的大工厂。挤在工厂里的工人群众就像士兵一样被组织起来。他们是产业军的普通士兵,受着各级军士和军官的层层监视。他们不仅仅是资产阶级的、资产阶级国家的奴隶,他们每日每时都受机器、受监工、首先是受各个经营工厂的资产者本人的奴役。这种专制制度越是公开地把营利宣布为自己的最终目的,它就越是可鄙、可恨和可恶。
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.
手的操作所要求的技巧和气力越少,换句话说,现代工业越发达,男工也就越受到女工和童工的排挤。对工人阶级来说,性别和年龄的差别再没有什么社会意义了。他们都只是劳动工具,不过因为年龄和性别的不同而需要不同的费用罢了。
当厂主对工人的剥削告一段落,工人领到了用现钱支付的工资的时候,马上就有资产阶级中的另一部分人——房东、小店主、当铺老板等等向他们扑来。
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the manufacturer, so far, at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.
以前的中间等级的下层,即小工业家、小商人和小食利者,手工业者和农民——所有这些阶级都降落到无产阶级的队伍里来了,有的是因为他们的小资本不足以经营大工业,经不起较大的资本家的竞争;有的是因为他们的手艺已经被新的生产方法弄得不值钱了。无产阶级就是这样从居民的所有阶级中得到补充的。
The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the population.
无产阶级经历了各个不同的发展阶段。它反对资产阶级的斗争是和它的存在同时开始的。
最初是单个的工人,然后是某一工厂的工人,然后是某一地方的某一劳动部门的工人,同直接剥削他们的单个资产者作斗争。他们不仅仅攻击资产阶级的生产关系,而且攻击生产工具本身;他们毁坏那些来竞争的外国商品,捣毁机器,烧毁工厂,力图恢复已经失去的中世纪工人的地位。
The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie.
At first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade, in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
雪婷老师说
我们今天诵读的《共产党宣言》中的这几段话,是马克思恩格斯对于现代无产阶级的现实命运的形象描述,更是对这一命运得以可能的历史条件的深入剖析。《宣言》的这一段实质上是对马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中“物的世界的增值与人的世界的贬值成正比”的内在根源的有力回应。作为机器附属品的现代工人,“只有当他们找到工作的时候才能生存,而且只有当他们的劳动增殖资本的时候才能找到工作”,只有当他们像其他商品一样零星的出卖自己的时候,他们的劳动才能不断增殖资本。当资本家把工人这种“特殊商品”投入生产过程时,这种活劳动就把劳动资料变成自己的灵魂躯体并使其起死回生以实现自身的价值增殖,而资本家正是在这种价值增殖中不断获得对工人无酬劳动的支配权,这构成资产阶级时代一切奴役的起点。
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马克思主义学院讲师 雪婷
寄语
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国际商学院2016级本科生专职辅导员 杨涛老师
中英文朗诵
感言
初心涌出千万意,经典诵出万千情......年过三十、日日忙碌的我许久以来第一次“归零”心境,“归整”自己,再次重拾“英语”,再次重温《宣言》,让我刹那间回到朗朗书声气吞山河青葱万岁的学生时代。感谢平台的支持,众亲的赏识,让我时刻记得来时的路!愿我们这些从事大学生思想政治教育及日常管理工作和陪伴大学生成长的引路人们,也就是我们可亲可爱的辅导员们,继续心怀赤诚之心,拥抱伟大事业,“宣”出心灵的声音,“言”出此刻的美好,不忘使命,不枉时光,为“初心”开拓净土,为“未来”助梦飞翔,做不折不扣的青春好榜样!加油,《初心诵》!加油,这个时代最棒的我们!
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英语朗诵
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最初看到初心诵的时候,觉得特别有新意, 马恩经典名著还能用这种更亲切的方式来传播。虽然我还没有开始专业课的学习,但是希望能通过这种方式使自己喜欢上《共产党宣言》,相信这也是初心诵的"初心"吧!希望初心诵能越办越好,有机会还会继续参加的!
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