外刊语言表达(十五)
1
gain traction
今年比特币大涨,多家媒体进行了报道,有人看多,有人看空,《纽约时报》的报道中出现了这么一句话:
It’s a pretty big deal that a currency that doesn’t have any rulers, and is not issued by the nation states or IMF, is gaining so much traction
比特币没有任何管理机构,也并非由民族国家或国际货币基金组织发行,却如此大涨,确实是一个大问题。
traction是“牵引力”的意思,gain traction即 获得牵引力,但常引申为“获得发展的动力,受人欢迎”,这一表达经常出现在各大外刊中,比如今年8月26号《经济学人》的亚洲版块有一篇文章,题目是Fisticuffs at dawn,文章报道了中印边境冲突,里面有这么一句话:
In the past decade China has also used aid and trade assiduously to woo India’s friendlier neighbours, from Bangladesh to Nepal and Sri Lanka.
China has so far failed to gain much traction in Bhutan. The Buddhist kingdom has always been uneasy about China’s annexation of Tibet, historically a close cultural cousin.
过去十年,中国通过大量援助和贸易的方式同印度更为友好的邻国交好,比如孟加拉国、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡。
但到目前为止,中国和不丹的关系并没有多大改善。不丹是一个佛教国家,该国对中国“占领”西藏表示不满,而历史上,不丹和西藏的文化关系比较密切。
说个题外话,不丹是唯一一个没有和中国建交的邻国。这里的gain traction指中国对不丹的援助和贸易没有多大的进展。我们只需要记住gain traction的本义,遇到的时候根据语境引申即可。
再比如今年2月份的《经济学人》中,有一篇书评,里面有这么一句话:
For a century after her death, she was reviled; only when the feminist movement began gaining traction was her life and writing reassessed
她去世后被人骂了一个世纪,后来女权运动兴起,人们才对她的生平和作品进行重新评估。
这句话是由only when引导的倒装句,这里的gain traction可以理解为“获得发展,兴起”。
我们再举最后一个例子,今年5月6号的《经济学人》封面文章The world’s most valuable resource论证了当今时代数据的重要性,并提出了“数据即石油”这么一个观点,里面有这么一句话:
They have a “God’s eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond. They can see when a new product or service gains traction, allowing them to copy it or simply buy the upstart before it becomes too great a threat.
它们(指谷歌、亚马逊、Facebook这样的互联网巨头)有“上帝视角”,对市场内外的活动都一览无余。它们能看到什么时候一款新产品或服务获得市场的追捧,因而能够生产、提供同样的产品或服务,或干脆在初创企业成为威胁之前将它们收购。
这里说产品或服务gain traction, 指“受人欢迎,获得市场追捧”。
2
answer
看到answer,我们先想到“答案”,但这里给大家讲一讲它的熟词僻义。
近日,滴滴出行获新一轮40亿美元的融资,《纽约时报》对此事进行了报道,文章开头有这么一句话:
China’s answer to Uber is catching up with its American rival in a key metric: money.
一家足以与优步(Uber)相媲美的中国公司正在资金这个关键指标上赶超其美国竞争对手。
answer一词我们幼儿园就认识,但看到这里却一脸懵逼,其实这是answer的一个熟词僻义,它的解释是:a person or thing from one place that may be thought to be as good as a famous person or thing from another place 足以媲美的人,堪称相当的事物。举个例子:
The new theme park will be Britain's answer to Disneyland.
英国新的主题乐园可与迪斯尼乐园媲美。
answer的这个用法在外刊中也算常见,但使用频率不如gain traction高,今年4月19号的《经济学人》中有一篇文章,题目叫Regional development: Building a megacity from scratch. 文章分析了作者对雄安新区的看法,里面有这么一句话:
More than a decade ago the government declared that the Binhai New Area, a vast development in Tianjin, would be north China’s answer to Shenzhen and Pudong.
十多年前,政府宣布在天津建立一个大型开发区,叫“滨海新区”,滨海新区被誉为中国北方的深圳和浦东。
文章说,滨海新区是north China’s answer to Shenzhen and Pudong,即中国北方的深圳和浦东。
再比如,今年10月28号的《经济学人》有一篇文章黑中国的企业与政府,里面有这么一句话:
The Wall Street Journal reported this month that internet regulators might take 1% stakes in social-media giants, including Youku, Alibaba’s YouTube-like platform, and Weibo, China’s answer to Twitter
《华尔街日报》本月报道,网络监管机构可能持有社交媒体巨头1%的股份,包括优酷(阿里巴巴类似油管的平台)以及微博(中国的推特)。
文中说,微博是China’s answer to Twitter,即微博是中国的推特。
这句话其实出现了一个同义替换,"-like"和"answer to",我们可以改写一下:
Youku is Alibaba's You Tube-like platform.
→Youku is Alibaba's answer to You Tube.
Weibo is China's answer to Twitter.
→Weibo is China's Twitter-like platform.
3
deep-pocketed, jockey
同样是这篇《纽约时报》的报道,里面还出现了这么一个句子:
Still, the latest funding round for Didi Chuxing shows how capital continues to rush into the global ride-hailing market, where deep-pocketed investors are jockeying to place bets on companies that they believe will continue to transform the way people get around.
不过,滴滴的最新一轮融资显示了资本在怎样继续涌入全球网约车市场。财力雄厚的投资者们正在这个市场上竞相把赌注押在那些他们认为会继续改变人们出行方式的公司身上。
里面有一个词:deep-pocketed. 字面意思是口袋深的,口袋深,装的钱就多,所以,deep-pocketed的意思是“有钱的,财力雄厚的”,可以用来指人,也可以指公司。在口语表达与写作中,可以用来替换rich, 瞬间提升逼格。
它的名词是deep pocket,指“财富,富人,财力雄厚的公司”。
Jockey在这里是动词,意思是:to try all possible ways of gaining an advantage over other people. 通过各种方式去赢得。想必大家高中三年,一定是jockey for your entrance into the ideal college.
我们可以用jockey表示“争相,竞相”之意,能够体现出紧张激烈的气氛,也可以用race, rush来替换,比如文中,investors are jockeying to place bets on companies that...,投资者争相把赌注压在这类公司上,我们也可以换成:
investors are rushing to place bets on companies that...
investors are racing to place bets on companies
今年3月28日的《经济学人》中有篇文章讲到了南非的选举,里面有这么一句话:
Back in Addis, the event fed the widely held view that Ms Dlamini-Zuma spent her term at
the AU with one foot in South Africa, where she is jockeying to succeed her exhusband, Jacob Zuma, as president in 2019.
在亚迪斯,这一事件让人们普遍认为,德拉米尼·祖马(南非总统祖马前妻,非盟主席)在非盟担任主席期间,心里还惦记着南非。她用尽手段,迫切希望能够在前任丈夫雅各布·祖马2019年卸任后继承其总统职位。