2022年11月30日《经济学人》发表了一篇讣告,我们看里面的一些表达:
His English was not great, but it brimmed with the confidence of a man who was delivering “for the people” all right: material progress on a scale and at a speed that history had not seen before.
他的英语不是很好,但却充满了一种自信——他正在实现“民享”zf:物质进步的规模和速度史无前例。
brim with 是个动词搭配,表示“充满”,是 be full of 的高级替换,后面常加某种特质,brim with confidence 就是“信心满满”的意思。米歇尔·奥巴马的自传《成为》中多次出现过这个表达,比如描述希拉里竞选时:About a month earlier, Hillary Clinton had declared her own candidacy, brimming with confidence.
大约在那一个月前,希拉里·克林顿自信满满地宣布参选。
brim with confidence,和本文的用法一样。在描述世界混乱时,作者说:When you’re married to the president, you come to understand quickly that the world brims with chaos.
作为总统的妻子,你很快就会发现这个世界充满各式各样的混乱。
brim with chaos 充满混乱。在谈到如何保护传统建筑时,我们就可以用 buildings brimming with history 来表达建筑“充满历史感”的含义。在谈到热点话题、争议话题、政策等时,就可以套用“XX brim with optimism/scepticism/criticism”来描述人们对事物的反应/态度。比如,关于中国空间站:The topic on China's Tiangong space station on Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like platform, has brimmed with pride and excitement.
新浪微博(一个类似推特的平台)上关于中国天宫空间站的讨论充满了自豪和骄傲。
在工厂担任工程师期间,一名前来视察的政府高级官员发现了他的潜力,破格提拔,从此开启了他的从政之路:
Had his skills not caught the attention of a visiting senior official that year, he might have stayed there.
如果那年他的技能没有引起前来视察的高级官员的注意,他可能就会留在那里(工厂)。
在if引导的虚拟语气的从句中,可以选择把助动词或be动词倒装到主语之前,取代if。这种倒装可以省略连接词,还起到简洁的修辞效果。比如:If I had been there, I could have prevented the accident.
如果当时我在那里,我或许可以防止意外发生。
If I had been there 表述与事实相反的情况,里面有助动词had,可以把had倒装到句首,省略if,如:
Had I been there, I could have prevented the accident.
If I were a millionaire, I would first buy a big house.
如果我是百万富翁,我会先买个大房子。
If I were a millionaire描述与事实相反的情况,句中有be动词,可以把be动词提前,省略if,从而让句子变得简洁一些,如:
Were I a millionaire, I would first buy a big house.
不过,如果虚拟从句中的动词是普通动词(没有助动词had或be动词),就不能采取这种倒装方式,如:
If I knew how, I would gladly do it.
很可惜我不会,不然我很乐意去做这件事。
虽然 If I knew how 描述与事实相反的情况,但句中没有助动词或be动词,所以无法倒装,也无法省略if。
By 1994, with inflation soaring, he began hitting the brakes to stop the economy running out of control.
到1994年,随着通货膨胀的飙升,他开始踩刹车,以阻止经济失控。
hit the brakes 是个很有画面感的表达,字面意思是“踩刹车”,引申为“阻止”,常见搭配有:如果人作主语,hit/put the brakes on sth 某人阻止某物;如果物做主语,sth acts as a brake on sth 某物对另一事物起抑制作用,比如今年美联储持续加息,目的是为了抑制通胀,可以说:Rises in interest rates act as a brake on inflation.
加息对通胀起抑制作用。
写作中我们可以用 hit/putthebrakeson表达“阻止”的概念,替换 prevent.
At the age of 90, “the elder” became a political has-been.
在90岁的时候,他在政治上被人遗忘,风光不再。
has-been 是个名词,表示 someone who was important or popular but who has now been forgotten,可以根据语境翻译成“过气名人、风光不再的人”等。看个例句:Has-beens should move out of the industry so that new people get their chance too.
老人应该离开这个行业,给新人留出机会。
《经济学人》的讣告就分享到这里,昨天有同学在企业微信上问我一个相关句子:Soren 老师,这句话应该怎么去理解 ?He is survived by his wife, two sons and two grandchildren.
这句话出自CNN,这里的 survive 类似 outlive“活得...长”,我们把outlive放进去就好理解了:He is outlived by his wife, two sons and two grandchildren.
直译:他的妻子、两个儿子和孙子活得比他长。
意译:他去世了,留下了他的妻子、两个儿子和孙子。
同学继续问道:还是不大理解,他九十多岁,儿子和孙子的岁数现在肯定比他小呀,为什么说“活得比他长”?
其实 be survived by 不能仅从字面上去理解,在英语中,当某人去世,而他的近亲还在世时,我们通常会说:He is survived by...,后面跟还在人世的家人、近亲。《经济学人》在写给李小wen.bright 的讣告中也出现过这个用法:Li is also survived by a son and his wife, who is pregnant with their second child.
李去世了,留下了一个儿子和一个怀孕的妻子。
die比较直白,所以讣告中经常使用 be survived by 的说法,用积极字眼survive替换负面词语die,给人的冲击没那么强烈。
又会有同学问:
人不是已经去世了吗?为什么还用现在时 is survived by?不应该用过去式吗?
其实这里想通过现在时,表达人物仿佛还在世的感觉,寄托对人物的思念。
《理智与情感》一开头也出现过类似说法,我至今记忆犹新,因为当时这个句子看了一下午也没看明白:
Henry survived his uncle by only one year.
这里的 survive 也表达 outlive 的意思,所以这句话是说:亨利比他叔多活一年。或者说:亨利叔叔去世一年后,他也去世了。