告别中式英语！轻松拿捏英文科技论文写作
众所周知，汉语和英语是截然不同的两种语言。然而，当缺乏“真正的”英语环境的中国学生学习英语时，就很容易忽视两种语言之间的差异。对于写作来说尤其如此。
中国学生惯于中文写作，在英语写作中也继续保持这种习惯，其结果就是所谓的“中式英语”，即在英语写作中，用汉语的语法和逻辑来组织英文。
造成中式英语的主要原因显然是语言的干扰，如何摆脱母语的影响，对于非英语母语人士的英语写作来说至关重要。
1.1
英语句子中的无生命主语比较生动和富有表现力。
如果没有注意到这一语言现象，往往会造成乏味、单调的中国式英语句子。比如下列句子:
×: Because the cost of the medicine was reduced, people all over the country were able to use it in treating with many diseases.（因为药物的成本降低了，全国各地的人们都能用它来治疗许多疾病。）
√: The reduced cost made possible the nationwide use of the medicine in treating many diseases.
语言需要多样化才能表达。在英语写作中，为了简洁和生动，抽象思想的无生命主语经常被用在具体行动的概念动词之前。
1.2
忽视英语中正确的句法结构和习惯性搭配或用法:
(1) ×: I'd like to have the newest news on Afghanistan. （我想知道关于阿富汗的最新消息。）
√: I'd like to have the latest news on Afghanistan.
(2) ×: The bankruptcy of his father has made him impossible to go on studying. （他父亲破产使他无法继续学业。）
√: The bankruptcy of his father has made it impossible for him to go on studying.
为了消除这种中式英语，大家的中式思维要尽量适应英语表达的方式。用英语的思维写作，而不是汉语思维。
1.3
掌握好英语形容词和副词的比较级有助于减少中式英语的出现。
×: Human bodies are the only source of blood in hospitals so that its amount is very limited. （人体是医院唯一的血液来源，因此血液的数量非常有限。）
√: More blood is needed in hospitals than human bodies can supply.
要注意，形容词和副词的比较级在英语中比汉语中使用得更广泛。比较级的灵活运用无疑会提高写作的效率。
1.4
英语使役动词“make”在其结构“make sb do sth”中经常被中国英语学生滥用
因为汉语中有一个相同的结构来表达相同的意思。
(1) ×: Her red face made me see through his mind. （她脸红了，我知道她在想什么。）
√: Her red face told me what she was thinking about.
(2) ×: The sight of these pictures made me remember my own childhood. （一看到这些照片就使我想起了我的童年）
√: The sight of these pictures reminded me of my own childhood.
(3) ×: A sudden shout made him stand up. （突然一声喊叫使他站了起来。）
√: A sudden shout brought him to feet.
以上几对句子清楚地显示，避免过度使用使役动词make是摆脱中式英语的一种好方法。
1.5
思维定势
有时，从汉语到英语表达思想的角度转换将有助于消除中式英语。
(1) ×: Don't mind other people's business. （不要多管闲事。）
√: Mind your own business.
(2) ×: Do you need any help? （我能为你做些什么？）
√: May I help you?
(3) ×: Don't pay attention to the dog. （别管那狗。）
√: Leave the dog alone.
如上所示，善意的建议、礼貌的请求和委婉的命令在英语中比在汉语中更客观。在许多情况下，中国人通常以否定的方式思考，而英国人则以肯定的方式思考。
中式英语写作其中背后根源之一就是脑子里面先有中文再直译成英文。为了提升语言的地道程度，我们非常有必要摆脱这种先中文再英文的思维。
不过，在国内没有英文环境的熏陶，很难改变。我们来看个真实写作案例。
原文: HRB335 longitudinal steel bars and HRB235 transverse steel bars were used in the concrete flange plate, which had nominal yielding strengths of 335 MPa and 235 MPa.
我们来分析
1.脑子里面想的是HRB335纵向钢筋，于是直译成HRB335 longitudinal steel bars。那么好的表达习惯，是不是这样呢？我们后面一起给出建议。
2. 非限制性定语从句", which..."中which指代错误。从地道写作来看，which指代最近的名词concrete flange plate，但实际上作者想指代HRB335纵向钢筋和HRB235横向钢筋分别有335MPa和235MPa屈服强度。
我们在SCI论文中，钢筋型号放在后面。因此，分析问题1中的HRB335 steel bars and HRB235 steel bars 可以修正成 Steel bars HRB335 and HRB235。
而为了避免分析问题2出现的which指代错误的写法，我们一定要做到指代清晰和准确。最好的方法就是直接说明两种钢筋具有多少屈服强度，除非句型太复杂而需要用从句。
修改如下：
Steel bars HRB335 (i.e., nominal yielding strength is 335 MPa) and HRB235 (i.e., nominal yielding strength is 235 MPa) were respectively used as longitudinal bars and transverse bars in the concrete flange plate.
对于母语为汉语的科研人员来说，要想完全避免汉语的影响几乎是不可能的。我们只能减少中式英语现象，但很难将其杜绝。为了少犯中式英语错误，我们需要培养以下几个习惯：
1. 大量阅读文献，积累常见表达，正如很多人所说，阅读可以培养“语感”。这种“语感”其实就是对英文常见搭配和句型的熟悉程度。
2. 积累高阶词汇。比如你在陈述某一项事物的重要性时，第一反应一定会想到“important”，若是用“indispensable”替换的话，会显得更让人眼前一亮。
3. 要写出地道的文章，一定要首先摆脱中式思维和翻译思维，直接用英语的思维去组织语言和进行逻辑思辨。
小编在这里分享一些论文写作常用的词汇：
一些副词
Ultimately, 最终地；ostensibly 表面上地；Futhermore,进一步的；substantially; 极大地；
potentially; 有潜力地；comparitively 相对地；remain fixed throughout;自始自终地；
presumably; 很有可能地，表示推测；Intuitively; 直观上地；Naturally; 自然地；despite; 尽管；consistently; 连续地 Notably;显著地；
形容词
vulnerable to; applicable to; In realistic setting;
短语搭配
a （large) variety of；a broad range of ..; 很多
in accordance with; 与...关联
in isolation from the downstream tasks; 与...分开
a means of; 一种方式；
for brevity; 出于简要目的；
both losses are differentiable with respect to their input. 相对于...来说
on par with. 与...相同地水平.
in the presence with 在...的存在下
In agreement with this...表示同意
In light of this...鉴于此....
under the condition of severe image degradation...在某种条件下...
By and large...大体上...
To this end... 为了这个目的...
动词
incorporate; bring in;
investigated;
harmonize;
alleviate this vulnerability; 减弱减轻
leverage information; 利用
afflicted; 受到折磨，影响; aggregate 加重；unveil揭开的;
好的句子
与...相同：
DL algorithms can perform on par with humans on good quality images.
改进类：
减弱这个弱点：
SR can serve as an input enhancement step to alleviate this vulnerability.
生成效果较好的图片：
Despite ostensibly lower PSNR.|and at the same produces a plausible looking HR image.
有利于这两个指标：
These metrics have been investigated in the literature in order to harmonize these two kinds of metrics.
填补空白：
We propose to bridge this divide; reduce the gap between low-level and high-level vision.
These studies shed new light on the comparisons and limitations of current algorithms and suggesting promising future directions.
图片|表格分析：
Figure 1 illustrates the effect of our method...
The values in the table provide us with multiple observations.
This is presumably due to...
Images are afflicted by additional sources of corruption，which can aggregate
A weak correlation occurs...
提高精度：
can successfully bring recognition accuracy close to the score of their original high-resolution image.
介绍背景：
It evolved from tricky pretraining routines to a highly modular, customizable framework for building machine learning systems for various problems, spanning from image recognition, voice recognition to complex AI systems.
介绍研究动机：
We decided to work on a small corner of this problem...
Our approach is motivated by two observations.
While there have been much work on ...., comparatively little work exsit on..
In line with the above objective, in this work...
It is important to note that while similar in spirit to our work，...
Despite the astonishing results yielded by such methodologies...
批判别人：
Most of these methods are tailored to address a particular kind of visual aberration.
However, the use of the hand-crafted upsampling filter remains an impediment.
In contrast to prior work...
Be assumed to be better suited for...
工作比较：
A and B are similar in that .... However, the similarity ends here.
We apologies for not highlighting these contributions in our draft, which unfortunately lead to ... being perceived as a 're-engineering' work.
The methods differ in their CNN architectures and loss functions.
最好的例子是：
This is perhaps best exemplified by adversarial images that can fool machine perception but not humans.
吹嘘自己的工作：
These results also suggest some avenues for future work.
相互作用：
To access the interplay between restoration and visual recognition...
未来展望：
At the same time, this topic is far from being exhausted, with a large number of possible paths to follow and questions to be answered.
参考链接：
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/108589213
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/86941810
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/87134504
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/266922023
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2021-12-28