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近十年来,对电催化剂的微观结构、催化机理和反应动力学三者关系的深入探讨中,实验和理论相结合的策略取得了很好的发展。理论上迫切需要更准确/有效的描述符来预测电催化活性或解释反应过程。
为了实现这一目标,研究者应该仔细考虑应用足够的动力学条件、开发更高效的计算机代码、使用更大的计算能力来处理其中的复杂性。从实验角度来看,澄清氧化还原反应机理和动力学的困难主要源自以下几个方面:(i)精确调整掺杂/缺陷碳材料中掺杂剂/缺陷的位置/类型、浓度和分散,(ii) 掺杂剂和缺陷的最新表征手段,和(iii)直接检测或研究电催化反应过程中的化学中间体。因此,必须开发新的合成策略以精确调节碳催化剂中的掺杂或缺陷。
来自中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所高性能陶瓷与超微结构国家重点实验室王家成教授和来自北京航空航天大学仪器科学与光电工程学院的张广存教授共同领导的团队,综述了无金属碳材料作为氧化还原反应电催化剂的最新研究进展,特别是对电催化机理的认识。他们评论了从高效N掺杂碳纳米管的发现到最近再生缺陷碳材料所取得的有关机制研究的重大进展。因此,着意将杂原子和缺陷引入碳材料的策略,有可能前景大好,且通过优先的四电子途径所产生的催化活性位点,有可能提高电催化动力学。掺杂和缺陷会协同作用,进一步降低自由能和反应过电位,从而有可能赋予这种碳材料在催化活性方面胜过现有Pt / C电催化剂。以吡啶-N-主导的掺杂缺陷石墨烯便是一例,很好地证明了其可作为充电锌空气电池的氧化还原反应和析氧反应的优良双功能电催化剂。
该文近期发表于npj Computational Materials 5: 78 (2019),英文标题与摘要如下,点击左下角“阅读原文”可以自由获取论文PDF。
A review of oxygen reduction mechanisms for metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts
Ruguang Ma, Gaoxin Lin, Yao Zhou, Qian Liu, Tao Zhang, Guangcun Shan, Minghui Yang & Jiacheng Wang
The sluggish kinetics of Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) at the cathode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells or metal-air batteries requires highly effective and stable electrocatalysts to boost the reaction. The low abundance and high price of Pt-based electrocatalysts hamper the widespread application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and metal-air batteries. As promising alternatives, metal-free carbon materials, especially upon doping heteroatoms or creating defects demonstrated excellent ORR activity, which is as efficient as or even superior to commercial platinum on carbon. Significant progress on the development of advanced carbon materials as highly stable and durable catalysts has been achieved, but the catalytic mechanisms of these materials still remain undistinguished. In present review, we summarized the up-to-date progress in the studies of carbon materials, and emphasized on the combination of experiment and theory to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these materials. At last, we proposed the perspectives on the proper strategies of elucidating the mechanisms of carbon materials as electrocatalysts towards ORR.
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