EDCC 2022年第70卷第4期目录及摘要
全文链接：
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/edcc/2022/70/4
Media-Reported Violence and Female Labor Supply
Zahra Siddique
Paying for Digital Information: Assessing Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for a Digital Agriculture and Nutrition Service in Ghana
Melissa Hidrobo, Giordano Palloni, Daniel O. Gilligan, Jenny C. Aker, and Natasha Ledlie
Does an Increasing Minimum Wage Reduce Formal Sector Employment? Evidence from Brazil
Fernando Saltiel and Sergio Urzúa
Dependence or Constraints? Cash Transfers and Labor Supply
Diego A. Vera-Cossio
Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from the Gambia
Moussa P. Blimpo, Pedro Carneiro, Pamela Jervis, and Todd Pugatch
Can Facebook Ads and Email Messages Increase Fiscal Capacity? Experimental Evidence from Venezuela
Jorge Gallego and Federico Ortega
Measuring Violence against Women with Experimental Methods
Jorge M. Agüero and Veronica Frisancho
Spillovers of Community-Based Health Interventions on Consumption Smoothing
Bansi Malde and Marcos Vera-Hernández
Teacher Performance Pay and Student Learning: Evidence from a Nationwide Program in Peru
Cristina Bellés-Obrero and María Lombardi
Media-Reported Violence and Female Labor Supply
Zahra Siddique
Abstract：This paper explores how safety concerns and cultural norms associated with female purity have an impact on female labor supply in urban India. I find that a 1 standard deviation increase in lagged media reports per 1,000 people of local sexual assaults reduces the probability that a woman is employed outside her home by 0.67 percentage points (or 5.5% of the sample average). I find that this is a short-lived effect and is significant despite controlling for the underlying level of violence against women reported to the police or after controlling for exogenous gender-specific labor demand shocks.
Paying for Digital Information: Assessing Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for a Digital Agriculture and Nutrition Service in Ghana
Melissa Hidrobo Giordano Palloni Daniel O. Gilligan Jenny C. Aker Natasha Ledlie
Abstract：With the widespread growth of mobile phone coverage and adoption over the past decade, there has been considerable enthusiasm over the potential for information and communication technologies (ICTs) to provide a low-cost approach for farmers to overcome information constraints in agricultural initiatives. The commercial viability of ICTs relies on effective demand for these services. This paper assesses farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a digital platform that provides nutrition-sensitive agricultural information in Ghana. Using the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak method to elicit WTP, we randomly vary the framing of the marketing for the service as well as the gender of the person targeted. We find that farmers are highly price sensitive, but most are willing to pay a low monthly price for the service. A nutrition-focused marketing message leads to higher WTP than an agriculture-only message, and women have substantially lower WTP than men, with the latter difference driven by lower WTP for the service among women who report access to alternative sources of nutrition, health, and agriculture information.
Does an Increasing Minimum Wage Reduce Formal Sector Employment? Evidence from Brazil
Fernando Saltiel Sergio Urzúa
Abstract：Between 2003 and 2012, Brazil’s real minimum wage increased by 62%. In this paper, we take advantage of matched employer-employee data and examine whether this increase resulted in negative impacts in the formal labor market. The empirical analysis is carried out at the local level. Our main identification strategy relies on geographical variation in the incidence of the minimum wage. We first document substantial heterogeneity in the incidence both across and within regions. We find limited overall disemployment effects but unravel larger negative employment elasticities for groups and sectors more exposed to minimum wage increases. We complement our analysis by exploiting the introduction of regional wage floors in five states directly targeting workers in the restaurant and accommodation industry. Across different empirical strategies, we show that wage floors successfully raised salaries at the bottom of the wage distribution. However, in this case, we fail to find significant impacts on employment outcomes.
Dependence or Constraints? Cash Transfers and Labor Supply
Diego A. Vera-Cossio
Abstract：Decreases in labor supply among cash transfer recipients are often cited as potential drawbacks of social assistance programs. However, cash transfers can also increase employment. Using variation across cohorts and over time in the eligibility criteria of a nationwide conditional cash transfer program in Bolivian public schools, this paper shows that employment increases among parents of eligible children, particularly for females. The increase in employment coincides with increases in self-employment and in the probability of investing in family businesses. These effects are mostly driven by females from areas with limited access to financial services. As mothers work more, overworked fathers reduce work hours. The results suggest that there are (positive) unintended consequences of cash transfer programs targeting households with school-age children: cash transfers may relax liquidity constraints and boost entrepreneurship and also relieve overworked adults.
Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from the Gambia
Moussa P. Blimpo Pedro Carneiro Pamela Jervis Todd Pugatch
Abstract：We evaluate two experiments of early childhood development (ECD) programs in the Gambia, one increasing access to services and another improving service quality. In the first experiment, new community-based ECD centers were introduced into randomly chosen villages that had no preexisting structured ECD services. In the second experiment, a randomly assigned subset of existing ECD centers received intensive provider training. We find no evidence that either intervention improved average levels of child development. Exploratory analysis suggests that the first experiment, which increased access to community-based ECD services, led to declines in child development among children from less disadvantaged households.
Can Facebook Ads and Email Messages Increase Fiscal Capacity? Experimental Evidence from Venezuela
Jorge Gallego Federico Ortega
Abstract：Tax compliance is an important challenge in weakly institutionalized countries, especially when fiscal capacity is limited. E-government platforms, which have become popular in recent years, provide governments with more and better taxpayer information, allowing new forms of communication with citizens. In particular, social media targeted advertising may be used by tax authorities to increase tax compliance. We performed a randomized field experiment in the capital of Venezuela, Caracas, to determine whether targeted Facebook ads help the local government reduce tax delinquency. Our design allows us to test for complementarities between ads and email reminders, which may boost the capacity of the tax authority to increase compliance. We find that these online strategies are cost-effective methods for increasing tax revenues but that the effects vary across different types of taxpayers, especially concerning the combined email and Facebook treatment.
Measuring Violence against Women with Experimental Methods
Jorge M. Agüero Veronica Frisancho
Abstract：Intimate partner violence prevalence is a central indicator of the Sustainable Development Goals for women’s agency. However, measuring its progress largely relies on self-reports that could suffer from misreporting. Focusing on a sample in impoverished urban areas in Peru, we replicate direct measures from the widely used Demographic and Health Surveys and compare them against list experiments, a method providing greater privacy to women. We find no significant differences across direct and indirect methods in terms of the report of physical and sexual violence. This result largely persists when testing across 16 different subgroups and accounting for multiple-hypothesis testing.
Spillovers of Community-Based Health Interventions on Consumption Smoothing
Bansi Malde Marcos Vera-Hernández
Abstract：Community-based group interventions are a cost-effective way of delivering programs in low-income settings. Design features may influence behaviors beyond those targeted by the intervention. This paper studies spillover effects of a participatory community health intervention in rural Malawi, implemented through a cluster randomized control trial, on an untargeted outcome: consumption smoothing after crop losses. While crop losses reduce consumption growth in the absence of the intervention, households in treated areas compensate for this loss and perfectly insure their consumption. We rule out better self-insurance and labor supply adjustments as drivers, indicating that informal risk sharing must have improved. Suggestive evidence shows that health improvements cannot explain the whole effect and that instead social interactions, which may have alleviated contracting frictions, had a role to play.
Teacher Performance Pay and Student Learning: Evidence from a Nationwide Program in Peru
Cristina Bellés-Obrero María Lombardi
Abstract：We study the impact of a nationwide teacher pay-for-performance program in Peru. Public secondary schools compete in a tournament based on eighth graders’ performance in a standardized test. The principal and teachers of winning schools receive a substantial bonus. We perform a difference-in-differences estimation comparing the internal grades of eighth and ninth graders of the same school, before and after the program. We find a precisely estimated zero effect on student achievement, which could be a consequence of teachers’ uncertainty about how to improve their students’ performance in the standardized test tied to the bonus.
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